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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading
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The influence of proprioception on reading performance.

Matjaž Mihelčič1, Anja Podlesek2

  • 1Optometry Department, University of Velika Gorica, Velika Gorica, Croatia.

Clinical & Experimental Optometry
|August 27, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Holding an LCD screen while reading improves reading speed and reduces pupil size changes. This suggests proprioception, or the sense of body position, enhances visual performance during screen use.

Keywords:
accommodationaccommodative micro-oscillationsproprioceptionpupillary micro-oscillationspupilsreading

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Area of Science:

  • Visual ergonomics
  • Human-computer interaction
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Visual ergonomics significantly impacts reading performance.
  • Proprioceptive input from holding a device may enhance visual feedback compared to non-contact reading.
  • This study investigates the role of proprioception in visual performance during screen-based reading.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the influence of proprioceptive input on reading speed.
  • To evaluate the effect of proprioception on accommodative and pupillary responses and their micro-oscillations.
  • To compare visual performance when reading from an LCD screen held versus placed on a holder.

Main Methods:

  • Forty-seven emmetropic, non-amblyopic participants read two-digit numerals on a 10-inch LCD screen at 40 cm.
  • Reading speed was measured by the number of numerals read in 90 seconds under two conditions: holding the screen (proprioceptive input) and screen on a holder (no contact).
  • Accommodative and pupillary responses were recorded using a Power Refractor 3 at a 50 Hz rate.

Main Results:

  • Participants read more numerals per minute when holding the screen, indicating faster reading speed with proprioceptive input.
  • Mean pupil size and average accommodative response were similar across both conditions.
  • The rate of change in pupil size decreased more sharply without proprioceptive input compared to when the screen was held.

Conclusions:

  • Holding an LCD screen during numeral reading led to faster reading speeds and reduced pupil size fluctuations.
  • These findings suggest that proprioception can positively influence specific aspects of visual performance, particularly during screen interaction.
  • Proprioceptive feedback may play a role in optimizing visual-ergonomic interactions with digital displays.