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Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History

The genitourinary system is critical to maintaining fluid balance, waste elimination, and reproductive function. Nurses play a vital role in assessing this system, beginning with a thorough health history. This process involves gathering patient information, identifying risk factors, and recognizing symptoms of genitourinary disorders. Early detection is vital for timely interventions and management.1. Gathering Patient InformationA complete health history includes the patient’s personal,...

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

The nursing assessment of the genitourinary (GU) system involves a systematic inspection and palpation to identify abnormalities in the kidneys, bladder, and surrounding structures.InspectionMouth: Inspect for signs of kidney dysfunction, such as stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) and ammonia breath, which may occur in advanced kidney disease due to the buildup of urea, breaking down into ammonia.Skin: Check for pallor, which could indicate anemia caused by kidney disease. Look for...

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

The upper urinary system comprises two kidneys and two ureters, which are crucial in filtering blood and forming urine.KidneysLocation and Structure:The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs positioned behind the peritoneum on either side of the spine.Kidneys are between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3) vertebrae.The position of the liver causes the right kidney to sit slightly lower than the left.Protective Layers:Each kidney is enveloped in a tough, fibrous membrane called the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Carcinogen-induced Murine Bladder Tumors

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Carcinogen-induced Murine Bladder Tumors

Published on: March 29, 2019

Biennial report on genitourinary cancers.

¹Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, University Paris Sud, 94800 Villejuif, France.

European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990)

|August 30, 2016

Summary

Recent advancements in genitourinary cancer treatment show significant progress. New therapies offer improved outcomes for prostate, testicular, kidney, and bladder cancers, marking a new era in oncology.

Area of Science:

Oncology
Uro-oncology
Genitourinary Malignancies

Background:

Genitourinary malignancies include prostate, testicular, kidney, and bladder cancers.
Treatment landscape for these cancers has seen significant evolution.
Recent years have introduced novel therapeutic strategies and improved patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize key advancements in the treatment of major genitourinary cancers.
To highlight changes in the standard of care for prostate, testicular, kidney, and bladder cancers.
To discuss emerging therapeutic targets and predictive factors.

Main Methods:

Review of recent clinical trials and treatment guidelines.
Analysis of data on novel therapeutic agents and strategies.

Keywords:

Bladder cancer Germ-cell tumors Prostate cancer Renal cell cancer Testicular cancer

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Focus on advancements between 2014 and 2015.

Main Results:

High-risk localized prostate cancer benefits from local treatment.
Combined androgen deprivation therapy plus docetaxel is the new standard for metastatic prostate cancer.
AR-V7 variants predict resistance to next-generation agents in castrate-resistant prostate cancer.
Intensified treatment improves outcomes in advanced non-seminoma testicular cancer.
Cabozantinib and checkpoint inhibitors improve outcomes in metastatic kidney cancer.
Immunotherapy shows promise in urothelial bladder cancer.

Conclusions:

Significant progress has been made across major genitourinary malignancies.
New standards of care are emerging for prostate, kidney, and bladder cancers.
Targeted therapies and immunotherapy represent promising future directions.