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Long-Term Memory

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Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Tuning in the Hippocampal Theta Band In Vitro: Methodologies for Recording from the Isolated Rodent Septohippocampal Circuit

Tuning in the Hippocampal Theta Band In Vitro: Methodologies for Recording from the Isolated Rodent Septohippocampal Circuit

Published on: August 2, 2017

Episodic sequence memory is supported by a theta-gamma phase code.

Andrew C Heusser¹, David Poeppel^1,2, Youssef Ezzyat¹

¹Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, USA.

Nature Neuroscience

|August 30, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Memory for the order of events relies on brain waves. Specific timing of high-frequency gamma waves across low-frequency theta waves helps encode sequential memories, improving recall of temporal order.

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Last Updated: Mar 15, 2026

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Automatic Detection of Highly Organized Theta Oscillations in the Murine EEG

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Published on: March 10, 2017

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Science
Memory Research

Background:

Human experiences derive meaning from the order of events, not just their content.
Neural models suggest sequence encoding involves interactions between high-frequency (gamma) and low-frequency (theta) brain oscillations.
Gamma oscillations represent individual elements, while theta oscillations encode sequential order through precise timing.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling in human episodic sequence memory formation.
To provide evidence for how the brain encodes the temporal order of experienced events.

Main Methods:

Utilized electroencephalography (EEG) to record brain activity during episodic sequence memory tasks in humans.
Analyzed gamma power fluctuations across different phases of the theta oscillation during memory encoding.
Correlated neural activity patterns with performance on temporal order memory tests.

Main Results:

Items in distinct sequence positions showed increased gamma power at different phases of the theta oscillation.
This phase-specific segregation of gamma activity was significantly related to successful recall of temporal order.
Demonstrated a direct link between theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling and episodic sequence memory.

Conclusions:

Episodic memory for temporal order is supported by the physiological mechanism of theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling.
The brain leverages the timing of neural oscillations to encode the sequence of events.
Findings offer insights into the neural basis of memory and sequence processing.