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Related Concept Videos

Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions01:17

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The cerebellum, also known as the "little brain," is located in the posterior cranial fossa, inferior to the tentorium cerebelli and dorsal to the brainstem. It plays a significant role in motor control, coordination, and proprioception.
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Externally, the cerebellum features a highly convoluted surface with numerous folia (narrow ridges) separated by shallow sulci (grooves). The cerebellum is divided into two hemispheres by a thin median structure known as the vermis. The...
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Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
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Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I01:26

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The main and largest component of the human brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum consists of two main parts: the cerebral cortex, an outer layer with wrinkles or folds known as gyri and shallow grooves called sulci, and a deeper region beneath it. The cerebrum divides into two distinct hemispheres and contains five different lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula. The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes and two functionally important gyri — the...
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The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the...
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The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
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Brainstem

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The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

A Standardized Pipeline for Examining Human Cerebellar Grey Matter Morphometry using Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Cerebello-cerebral connectivity in the developing brain.

Kay Pieterman1,2,3, Dafnis Batalle1, Jeroen Dudink2,3,4

  • 1Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK.

Brain Structure & Function
|August 31, 2016
PubMed
Summary

High angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) successfully mapped developing brain connections in infants. This non-invasive method visualizes cortico-ponto-cerebellar and cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathways, aiding understanding of cerebellar development.

Keywords:
BrainCerebellumDiffusion MRIInfantTractography

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Developmental Neuroscience
  • White Matter Tractography

Background:

  • Cerebellar development disruption impacts motor and non-motor functions.
  • Non-invasive methods to study early cerebellar connections are needed.
  • Understanding these connections is crucial for diagnosing developmental disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the feasibility of using high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) to delineate cortico-ponto-cerebellar (CPC) and cerebello-thalamo-cortical (CTC) white matter tracts in developing infants.
  • To establish a non-invasive method for characterizing cerebellar afferent and efferent connections during early development.

Main Methods:

  • High angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) data acquired from 24 infants (29-44 weeks postmenstrual age).
  • Probabilistic tractography using constrained spherical deconvolution to map CPC and CTC fibers.
  • Analysis of fractional anisotropy (FA) values in relation to postmenstrual age (PMA).

Main Results:

  • Cerebellar connections to the contralateral cerebral hemisphere were identified in all infants.
  • Fractional anisotropy (FA) values for CTC and CPC pathways significantly increased with postmenstrual age (PMA) (p < 0.001).
  • Key connecting regions included precentral cortex, superior frontal cortex, and insula.

Conclusions:

  • High angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) is feasible for in vivo assessment of cerebellar white matter connectivity in early development.
  • This technique can help understand the cerebellum's role in neuromotor and neurocognitive disorders.
  • Enables early characterization of critical developmental pathways.