Mathematical expression and sampling issues of treatment contrasts: Beyond significance testing and meta-analysis to...

The more two treatments' outcome distributions overlap, the more ambiguity there is about which would be better for some clients. Effect size and t-statistics ignore this ambiguity by indicating nothing about the contrasted treatments' outcome ranges, although the wider these are the smaller are these statistics and the more other influences than these given treatments matter for outcomes. Treatment contrast data analysis logically requires valid measurement of all the influences on outcomes. Each influence, measured or not, is somehow sampled in every treatment contrast, and the nature of this sampling affects the contrast's two outcome distributions. Sampling also affects replications of a treatment contrast, which requires sampling that produces the same statistically expected outcome distributions for each replicate as a logical prerequisite of proper meta-analysis. Because scientific human psychology is most fundamentally about individual persons and cases, rather than aggregations of persons or cases, contrasted treatments' outcome distributions ought eventually be disaggregated to whatever input dimension gradation configurations collapse their ranges to zero through jointly taking account of every influence on outcomes. Only then are the data about individual persons or cases and so relevant to psychotherapy theory.