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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
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A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect
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Breastfeeding for diabetes prevention.

Resham Raj Poudel1, Dina Shrestha2

  • 1Department of Medicine, Western Reserve Health Education, Youngstown, OH, USA.

JPMA. the Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association
|September 2, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Breastfeeding benefits mothers and children by improving metabolism. It lowers risks of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and obesity, making early and exclusive breastfeeding highly recommended.

Keywords:
Breastfeeding, Diabetes, Metabolic syndrome, Obesity.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive health
  • Metabolic health
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Breastfeeding is recognized for its significant impact on maternal and child health.
  • Beyond nutritional and bonding advantages, breastfeeding influences metabolic outcomes.
  • Existing research links breastfeeding to reduced risks of chronic diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the metabolic benefits of breastfeeding for mothers and offspring.
  • To highlight the association between breastfeeding and the prevention of metabolic disorders.
  • To emphasize the importance of promoting early and exclusive breastfeeding practices.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of observational studies on breastfeeding and metabolic health.
  • Analysis of data correlating breastfeeding with maternal and child metabolic outcomes.
  • Synthesis of findings regarding the incidence of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

Main Results:

  • Breastfeeding is consistently associated with improved maternal and offspring metabolism.
  • Mothers who breastfeed exhibit a decreased risk of developing metabolic syndrome and T2DM.
  • Children who are breastfed show a reduced risk of obesity and T1DM.

Conclusions:

  • Early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding are crucial for metabolic health.
  • Promoting breastfeeding is a key strategy for preventing metabolic diseases in mothers and children.
  • Continued support and encouragement for breastfeeding practices are essential.