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In the case of stringed instruments like the guitar, the elastic property that determines the speed of the sound produced is its linear mass density or the mass per unit length. This is simply called the linear density. If the string's linear density is constant along the string, then the linear density is simply the total mass divided by the total length.
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When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a solid, there are a large number of atoms, and therefore a large number of atomic orbitals that may be combined into molecular orbitals. These groups of molecular orbitals are so closely placed together to form continuous regions of energies, known as the bands.
The energy difference between these bands is known as the band gap.
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The study of music provides many examples of the superposition of waves and the constructive and destructive interference that occurs. Very few examples of music being performed consist of a single source playing a single frequency for an extended period of time. A single frequency of sound for an extended period might be monotonous to the point of irritation, similar to the unwanted drone of an aircraft engine or a loud fan. Music is pleasant and exciting due to mixing the changing frequencies...
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The concept of flux describes how much of something goes through a given area. More formally, it is the dot product of a vector field within an area. For a better understanding, consider an open rectangular surface with a small area that is placed in a uniform electric field. The larger the area, the more field lines go through it and, hence, the greater the flux; similarly, the stronger the electric field (represented by a greater density of lines), the greater the flux. On the other hand, if...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

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And I hope you like jamming too.

Dhananjay T Tambe1, Jeffrey J Fredberg2

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.

New Journal of Physics
|September 6, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Cell sorting, previously thought to follow fluid dynamics, deviates from energy minimization. Cancer cells may become kinetically trapped in solid-like states, challenging fluid tissue models.

Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Cell sorting into tissues is often modeled as fluid immiscibility driven by surface tension.
  • Cellular properties like adhesion, stiffness, and contraction influence tissue surface tension.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between adhesion molecule density and cell-cell adhesion forces.
  • To determine if cancer cells behave as fluids in tissue sorting.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental analysis of cell-cell adhesion forces at interfaces.
  • Assessment of cancer cell behavior in tissue sorting contexts.

Main Results:

  • Adhesion forces did not correlate with adhesion molecule density as expected.

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  • Certain cancer cell lines exhibited non-fluid, solid-like behavior, becoming kinetically trapped.
  • Conclusions:

    • Traditional fluid models of cell sorting may be insufficient, especially for cancer cells.
    • Cellular jamming in non-equilibrium states represents a novel mechanism in tissue organization.