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Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Lensless Fluorescent Microscopy on a Chip

Lensless Fluorescent Microscopy on a Chip

Published on: August 17, 2011

A 72 × 60 Angle-Sensitive SPAD Imaging Array for Lens-less FLIM.

Changhyuk Lee^1,2, Ben Johnson^3,4, TaeSung Jung^5,6

¹School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. cl678@cornell.edu.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|September 7, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

We developed an angle-sensitive single photon avalanche diode (A-SPAD) array for lens-less 3D fluorescence lifetime imaging. This technology maps fluorescent sources in 3D space with micrometer precision using photon arrival times and incident angles.

Keywords:

3-D image sensor CMOS avalanche photodiodes SPAD SPAD arrays exponential decay fill-factor fluorescence imaging highly sensitivity photodetectors in-vitro lab-on-chip lifetime microscopy low power imaging photo-detector photon timing point-of-care rangefinder single photon detectors time-correlated measurements

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Last Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Lensless Fluorescent Microscopy on a Chip

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Published on: August 17, 2011

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Scanning Light Scattering Profiler SLPS Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

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Published on: June 6, 2017

Area of Science:

Photonics and Imaging
Biomedical Optics
Semiconductor Device Physics

Background:

Lens-less imaging techniques are crucial for miniaturization and cost reduction in advanced imaging systems.
Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLIM) provides functional information beyond intensity, but 3D FLIM is challenging.
Single Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) offer high timing resolution for time-correlated measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a novel angle-sensitive SPAD (A-SPAD) array for lens-less 3D fluorescence lifetime imaging.
To enable micrometer-scale 3D mapping of fluorescent sources with varying lifetimes.
To demonstrate a compact and efficient imaging solution without post-processing.

Main Methods:

Development of a 72x60 A-SPAD array integrating SPADs with diffraction gratings.
Utilizing time-resolved operation of SPADs to prevent saturation and precisely measure photon arrival times.
Incorporating pixel-level counters for reduced data rates and enhanced timing control.
Fabrication in standard 180 nm CMOS technology.

Main Results:

Successful demonstration of lens-less 3D fluorescence lifetime imaging.
Achieved micrometer-scale spatial resolution in 3D.
Validated the angle-sensitivity of the SPAD array for incident light.
Characterized the A-SPAD array performance without any post-processing.

Conclusions:

The A-SPAD array is a viable technology for high-resolution, lens-less 3D FLIM.
This approach simplifies imaging systems and reduces data processing requirements.
The integrated design offers a promising platform for advanced biomedical and materials science imaging applications.