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Related Concept Videos

Energy to Drive Translocation01:37

Energy to Drive Translocation

2.9K
Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Generally, polypeptides are unfolded by two distinct...
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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

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Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...
10.8K
Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER01:27

Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER

8.0K
A sizable fraction of proteins destined for ER are first synthesized in the cell cytosol and then transported across the ER membrane–a process called post-translational translocation. Similar to cotranslationally translocated proteins, these proteins also use the Sec translocon complex to enter the ER lumen.
Targeting proteins to the ER
Hsp40 and Hsp70 chaperone molecules bind the translated proteins in the cytosol to prevent their folding. The chaperone binding helps to keep the signal...
8.0K
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

15.4K
Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

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Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
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Translational Science for Energy and Beyond.

James R McKone1, Debbie C Crans2, Cheryl Martin3

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.

Inorganic Chemistry
|September 9, 2016
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Summary

Translational research is crucial for developing clean energy technologies like solar power and hydrogen fuel. This approach bridges basic science discovery with technology development to meet global energy demands and reduce carbon emissions.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Sciences
  • Energy Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Global energy demand is rising, necessitating a reduction in carbon intensity.
  • Solar energy and clean hydrogen production are key to decarbonizing the energy supply.
  • Bridging basic research and applied technology development is essential for innovation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of translational research in photovoltaics and solar fuels.
  • To examine translational research models in government, industry, and academia.
  • To provide recommendations for energy sector research programs.

Main Methods:

  • Focused on three representative research programs showcasing translational research.
  • Analyzed benefits and challenges of translational research models.
  • Discussed societal challenges in the energy sector.

Main Results:

  • Translational research accelerates the development of clean energy solutions.
  • Collaborative efforts across sectors are vital for technological advancement.
  • Successful models integrate fundamental discovery with practical application.

Conclusions:

  • Translational research is a powerful paradigm for addressing global energy challenges.
  • Continued investment and collaboration in translational research are recommended.
  • This approach can drive innovation in solar energy, hydrogen fuel, and beyond.