Fine architecture of the splenic terminal vascular bed as revealed by arterial and venous pressure-loading perfusion fixation

The three-dimensional fine architecture of the red pulp of human and animal spleens, which as fixed by a modified version of the arterial and venous pressure-loading perfusion fixation (AVPL perfusion fixation) method, is demonstrated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In the human spleen, changes in splenomegalias associated with hereditary spherocytosis and chronic portal hypertension are also introduced in addition to the normal architecture of the red pulp of spleens removed from patients with stomach cancer. The AVPL perfusion fixation of these spleens clearly visualized complicated three-dimensional fine architecture of the red pulp and provided much important information on in situ morphology and dynamic change of the terminal vascular bed, including venous pressure-dependent size change of the stomata and three-dimensional shapes of the capillary terminal, with positive proof of their opening into the cordal reticular tissue. In studies of the spleen associated with portal hypertension, the AVPL perfusion fixation is considered a necessary technique for analysis of the structural deviation closely relating to a very high venous pressure.