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Related Concept Videos

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery01:19

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery

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Here is a stepwise guide to assessing the body temperature at the temporal artery using a temporal artery thermometer
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don a fresh pair of gloves to prevent cross-infection and ensure patient safety.
Step 2: Explain the procedure to the patient to establish trust. Clear communication establishes trust with the patient, ensures they understand what to expect, promotes cooperation, and enhances comfort during the procedure.  
Step 3: Assess the patient's...
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Factors Affecting Body Temperature01:28

Factors Affecting Body Temperature

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As a nurse, it is vital to understand the factors affecting body temperature to monitor variations and effectively evaluate deviations from regular.
Factors may  include:
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Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

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A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
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Requirements for Human Life01:26

Requirements for Human Life

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The Earth and its atmosphere have provided humans with air, water, and food, but these are not the only requirements for survival. Humans also require a specific range of temperature and pressure that the Earth and its atmosphere provides.
Oxygen
Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen is a key component of the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that produce ATP. Brain cells are susceptible to a lack of oxygen because they require a...
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Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla

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Procedural Guide for Assessing Axillary Body Temperature using a Digital Thermometer:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and put on clean gloves to maintain infection control and prevent cross-contamination.
Step 2: Prepare the patient by explaining the procedure to ensure understanding and cooperation. Ensure privacy, expose the axilla, and inform the patient that minimal movement is crucial for an accurate reading.
Step 3: Adjust the patient’s clothing to expose only the axilla. It minimizes...
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Homeostatic Imbalances in Body Temperature01:19

Homeostatic Imbalances in Body Temperature

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Hyperthermia occurs when the body's temperature becomes unusually high, often due to heat exposure, intense physical activity, or certain illnesses. This condition can create a dangerous cycle where elevated body temperature increases the metabolic rate, generating more heat and potentially leading to organ failure and brain damage. A severe form of hyperthermia, called heat stroke, can raise body temperature to life-threatening levels. Fever, on the other hand, is a controlled form of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Visualizing Field Data Collection Procedures of Exposure and Biomarker Assessments for the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network Trial in India
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Visualizing Field Data Collection Procedures of Exposure and Biomarker Assessments for the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network Trial in India

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Study on the association between ambient temperature and mortality using spatially resolved exposure data.

Mihye Lee1, Liuhua Shi1, Antonella Zanobetti1

  • 1Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA.

Environmental Research
|September 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Extreme temperatures significantly increase mortality, especially heat. High-resolution data reveals greater risks than traditional monitoring, with children and Black individuals most vulnerable to temperature-related deaths.

Keywords:
Acute effectExposure errorMortalityTemperature

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental epidemiology
  • Public health
  • Climate science

Background:

  • Studies link extreme temperatures to increased mortality, but often use limited, single-station data.
  • This traditional approach causes exposure misclassification and excludes rural populations.
  • Few studies control for PM2.5 confounding, potentially biasing results.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between high-resolution temperature data and mortality.
  • To compare findings using high-resolution data versus traditional station-based data.
  • To assess confounding by PM2.5 and analyze differential effects across demographic groups.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized high-resolution (1km²) temperature and PM2.5 data from satellite and land use sources.
  • Employed a piecewise linear spline function to model nonlinear temperature-mortality associations with thresholds at -1°C and 28°C.
  • Conducted stratified analyses by age, sex, race, education, and urbanicity, alongside sensitivity analyses.

Main Results:

  • A 1°C decrease below -1°C increased mortality by 0.19%; a 1°C increase above 28°C increased mortality by 2.05%.
  • Heat's effect size was 79.8% larger with high-resolution data compared to station-based metrics.
  • Children under 15 and Black individuals showed the largest mortality increases; higher education conferred protection. Nonurban populations appeared more susceptible.

Conclusions:

  • High-resolution spatial data reveals a stronger association between extreme temperatures and mortality than traditional methods.
  • Heat poses a significant mortality risk, particularly for vulnerable subgroups like children and Black individuals.
  • Addressing temperature-related mortality requires nuanced, spatially resolved exposure assessments and targeted public health interventions.