Onychomycosis in children. A review

Area of Science:

• Dermatology
• Mycology
• Pediatrics

Background:

• Onychomycosis, a fungal nail infection, is increasingly prevalent in older adults.
• It is rare in children, with exceptions for those with Down syndrome or immunodeficiencies.
• Epidemiological data on pediatric onychomycosis are limited but suggest a rising trend.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current literature on pediatric onychomycosis.
• To summarize epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.
• To highlight differences between childhood and adult onychomycosis.

Main Methods:

• Comprehensive literature review of recent studies on pediatric onychomycosis.
• Synthesis of data regarding prevalence, causative agents, and clinical manifestations.
• Analysis of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, comparing pediatric and adult cases.

Main Results:

• Pediatric onychomycosis, though rare, shows an increasing prevalence.
• Specific pediatric populations (Down syndrome, immunodeficient) are at higher risk.
• Mycological confirmation is crucial for diagnosis in children with nail abnormalities.

Conclusions:

• Dermatologists must include onychomycosis in the differential diagnosis for pediatric nail disorders.
• Prompt mycological examination is essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management.
• Understanding age-specific differences is key for effective treatment strategies.