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T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells

Published on: April 16, 2012

Induced Regulatory T Cells: Their Development, Stability, and Applications.

Mitsuhiro Kanamori¹, Hiroko Nakatsukasa¹, Masahiro Okada¹

¹Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.

Trends in Immunology

|September 14, 2016

Summary

Regulatory T (Treg) cells, regulated by Foxp3, are key for immune suppression. This review covers the development, roles, and applications of thymus-derived Tregs (tTregs), induced Tregs (iTregs), and peripheral Tregs (pTregs).

Keywords:

Clostridium species DNA methylation TGF-β regulatory T cells transcription factors

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Last Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells

Published on: April 16, 2012

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

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Published on: November 8, 2016

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Published on: August 13, 2013

Area of Science:

Immunology
Cell Biology

Background:

Regulatory T (Treg) cells are crucial for immune suppression.
The transcription factor Foxp3 is a master regulator of Treg development.
Tregs can be thymus-derived (tTregs) or induced peripherally (iTregs/pTregs).

Purpose of the Study:

To review current knowledge on Treg development.
To discuss the roles and applications of different Treg subsets.
To highlight challenges and progress in generating stable iTregs for clinical use.

Main Methods:

Literature review of Treg cell biology.
Analysis of studies on Foxp3 induction and Treg differentiation.
Examination of research on Treg stability and therapeutic potential.

Main Results:

Foxp3 is essential for Treg lineage commitment.
iTregs generated in vitro (or pTregs in vivo) can be unstable compared to tTregs.
Research is ongoing to improve iTreg stability for clinical applications.

Conclusions:

Understanding Treg development is vital for immune system regulation.
Stable iTregs hold promise for treating immune-related disorders.
Further research is needed to optimize Treg-based therapies.