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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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The Effect of Aging on Tissues01:19

The Effect of Aging on Tissues

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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
4.1K
Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

11.0K
Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
11.0K
Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Standardized Histomorphometric Evaluation of Osteoarthritis in a Surgical Mouse Model
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Standardized Histomorphometric Evaluation of Osteoarthritis in a Surgical Mouse Model

Published on: May 6, 2020

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Basic science of osteoarthritis.

Magali Cucchiarini1, Laura de Girolamo2, Giuseppe Filardo3

  • 1Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421, Homburg, Germany. mmcucchiarini@hotmail.com.

Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics
|September 15, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disabling joint disorder with no cure. Advances in understanding cartilage and bone changes, aided by animal models, are paving the way for new treatments like mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).

Keywords:
Animal modelsArticular cartilageBoneInterfaceOsteoarthritisPathomechanismsStem cellsTissue engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics and Regenerative Medicine
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Osteoarthritis (OA) is a widespread, debilitating joint disease impacting global populations.
  • Current treatments lack definitive cures, necessitating innovative therapeutic strategies.
  • Both articular cartilage degradation and subchondral bone pathology are critical to OA pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide critical insights into fundamental Osteoarthritis (OA) knowledge.
  • To explore innovative and efficient therapeutic regimens for OA.
  • To identify potential therapeutic targets by understanding OA pathomechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature on Osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis.
  • Analysis of animal models, including large models like high tibial osteotomy (HTO), for OA research.
  • Evaluation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and tissue engineering approaches for OA treatment.

Main Results:

  • Degradation of articular cartilage and altered chondrocyte-extracellular matrix interactions are hallmarks of OA.
  • Subchondral bone plays a key role in OA initiation and progression through specific pathomechanisms.
  • Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show promise for OA treatment, potentially integrated with scaffolds and growth factors.

Conclusions:

  • Advances in fundamental and experimental OA knowledge are crucial for developing improved therapies.
  • Understanding the interplay between cartilage and subchondral bone offers new therapeutic targets.
  • Tissue engineering strategies involving MSCs represent a promising avenue for future OA treatment regimens.