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Related Concept Videos

Measurements of Strain01:27

Measurements of Strain

2.7K
Strain quantifies the deformation of a material under force, typically measured as normal strain, which represents the change in length when compared with the original length. Electrical strain gauges are used for enhanced accuracy. These devices consist of a conductive wire mounted on a paper backing that adheres to the material's surface. These gauges operate on the piezoresistive effect, where the wire's electrical resistance changes in response to mechanical deformation. The strain...
2.7K
Stress-Strain Diagram01:10

Stress-Strain Diagram

5.0K
A stress-strain diagram is a crucial tool that graphically displays a material's mechanical characteristics. This diagram is derived from a tensile test performed on a carefully prepared cylindrical specimen. The specimen has two gauge marks inscribed on its central part, and the distance between these marks is known as the gauge length. The cylindrical specimen is placed in a testing machine, which applies an increasing centric load. As this load grows, so does the gauge length. This...
5.0K
Transformation of Plane Strain01:12

Transformation of Plane Strain

590
When analyzing elongated structures like bars subjected to uniformly distributed loads, it is essential to understand the transformation of plane strain when coordinate axes are rotated. This transformation helps to assess how material deformation characteristics vary with orientation, which is crucial in materials science and structural engineering.
Under plane strain conditions, typical for members where one dimension significantly exceeds the others, deformations and resultant strains are...
590
True Stress and True Strain01:28

True Stress and True Strain

959
Engineering stress is calculated as the load divided by the original, undeformed cross-sectional area. It approximates a material under load. This approximation is especially relevant post-yield in ductile materials. Though engineering stress-strain diagrams are often used for their convenience and accessibility, they can sometimes fall short in accuracy, particularly when dealing with large strain values.
In contrast, true stress offers a more precise portrayal. It is computed by dividing the...
959
Normal Strain under Axial Loading01:20

Normal Strain under Axial Loading

1.4K
Normal strain under axial loading is an important concept in the field of mechanics of materials. Axial loading implies the application of a force along the axis of a material, like a column or bar. This force can either compress or stretch the material. In the context of axial loading, normal strain is the deformation experienced by the material in the direction of the loading force. It's calculated as the change in length divided by the original length of the material. This unitless ratio...
1.4K
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain01:29

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain

702
Three-dimensional strain analysis is crucial for understanding how materials deform under stress, particularly in elastic, homogeneous materials. This method employs principal stress axes to simplify complex stress states into more understandable forms. Subjected to stress, a small cubic element within a material either expands or contracts along these axes, transforming into a rectangular parallelepiped. This transformation effectively illustrates the material's deformation. The principal...
702

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Stereo-Imaging System DLT Calibration to Capture 3D In Situ Displacements of Stretched Peripheral Nerves
06:26

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Global longitudinal strain: a useful everyday measurement?

A King1, J Thambyrajah2, E Leng2

  • 1Cardiothoracic Division, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK Alison.King@stees.nhs.uk.

Echo Research and Practice
|September 16, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Global longitudinal strain (GLS) offers more reproducible echocardiography measurements than the conventional 2D method for monitoring Herceptin cardiotoxicity in breast cancer patients. This enhances early detection and treatment continuity.

Keywords:
ejection fractionglobal longitudinal strainherceptinreproducibility

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Oncology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Herceptin (Trastuzumab) is crucial for HER2+ breast cancer but carries cardiotoxic risks.
  • Echocardiography monitoring, particularly left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), is vital, as a 10% LVEF drop can halt treatment.
  • Conventional 2D biplane method of discs (2DEF) for LV function assessment has accuracy and reproducibility limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the reproducibility of Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS) against 2D biplane method of discs (2DEF) in routine clinical settings.
  • To evaluate GLS as an early indicator of cardiotoxicity during Herceptin treatment.
  • To determine if GLS can prevent treatment interruption by enabling pre-clinical intervention.

Main Methods:

  • Fifty echocardiograms from female patients on Herceptin were analyzed for both 2DEF and GLS.
  • Measurements were repeated by the same operator (intra-operator variation) and a second operator (inter-operator variation) after a minimum 14-day interval.
  • Reproducibility was assessed using direct comparison, intra-class correlation (ICC), coefficient of variation (CV), and Bland-Altman plots.

Main Results:

  • Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS) demonstrated superior reproducibility compared to the 2D biplane method of discs (2DEF).
  • These findings were consistent across intra-operator and inter-operator assessments.
  • GLS was shown to detect myocardial damage earlier than 2DEF during Herceptin treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS) is a more reproducible and practical tool for routine echocardiographic monitoring of Herceptin-induced cardiotoxicity.
  • Enhanced reproducibility of GLS minimizes errors in clinical decision-making related to treatment management.
  • Early detection of cardiotoxicity with GLS allows for timely intervention, potentially preventing Herceptin treatment suspension and improving patient outcomes.