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Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Electrophysiological Investigations of Retinogeniculate and Corticogeniculate Synapse Function

Electrophysiological Investigations of Retinogeniculate and Corticogeniculate Synapse Function

Published on: August 7, 2019

Functional dissection of inhibitory microcircuits in the visual cortex.

Kwansoo Kim¹, Jae-Hyun Kim¹, You-Hyang Song¹

¹Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.

Neuroscience Research

|September 17, 2016

Summary

Diverse inhibitory GABAergic neurons in the cerebral cortex play crucial roles in brain function. Their specific roles in visual processing highlight the importance of inhibitory neuron diversity.

Keywords:

Cortical microcircuit GABAergic neurons Inhibitory neurons Orientation selectivity Visual cortex Visual processing

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Last Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Electrophysiological Investigations of Retinogeniculate and Corticogeniculate Synapse Function

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Published on: August 7, 2019

Electrophysiological and Morphological Characterization of Neuronal Microcircuits in Acute Brain Slices Using Paired Patch-Clamp Recordings

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Published on: January 10, 2015

Mapping Inhibitory Neuronal Circuits by Laser Scanning Photostimulation

Mapping Inhibitory Neuronal Circuits by Laser Scanning Photostimulation

Published on: October 6, 2011

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cell Biology

Background:

The cerebral cortex features diverse GABAergic inhibitory neurons, distinct from glutamatergic excitatory neurons.
These GABAergic neurons exhibit significant morphological and physiological diversity.
Advances in genetic markers and technology have enabled the study of individual GABAergic neuron subtypes.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize current knowledge on the function of inhibitory neurons in the cerebral cortex.
To specifically highlight the roles of GABAergic neurons in visual processing.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on GABAergic neuron function.
Analysis of genetic and physiological data for GABAergic neuron classification.
Focus on studies investigating inhibitory roles in visual cortex circuits.

Main Results:

GABAergic neurons, though fewer than excitatory neurons, display remarkable heterogeneity.
Specific subtypes of GABAergic neurons have been identified and functionally characterized.
These distinct inhibitory neurons are essential for complex cortical functions, particularly visual processing.

Conclusions:

The diversity of GABAergic neurons is critical for proper cortical function.
Understanding these inhibitory circuits is key to deciphering complex brain processes like vision.