The questioned p value: clinical, practical and statistical significance.

Area of Science:

• Statistics
• Epidemiology
• Public Health

Background:

• The p-value and statistical significance have faced ongoing criticism since the 1980s.
• These concepts are challenging for many health professionals involved in research.
• Misinterpretation can arise from the theoretical complexity of statistical concepts.

Purpose of the Study:

• To present the p-value in intuitive terms applicable to everyday life.
• To explain the complexity behind the proper use of p-values.
• To address criticisms regarding the isolated use of p-values and statistical significance.

Main Methods:

• Explaining the p-value using everyday analogies.
• Discussing the distinction between statistical and clinical significance.
• Reviewing recommended remedies for common p-value issues.
• Referencing the American Statistical Association's recent statement on p-values.

Main Results:

• The p-value, while conceptually simple in application, requires understanding of complex statistical theory.
• Criticism often stems from the need to differentiate statistical significance from clinical relevance.
• Remedies and current trends suggest a nuanced approach to p-value interpretation.

Conclusions:

• The p-value can be understood intuitively but requires methodological rigor for correct application.
• Distinguishing statistical from clinical significance is crucial for meaningful health research.
• Current perspectives advocate for the appropriate use of p-values, acknowledging their utility in specific contexts.