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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

736
Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
736
Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

703
Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
703
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

308
The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
308
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

535
Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
535
Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

393
AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
393
Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention01:27

Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention

521
Management of renal calculi focuses on effective strategies like tailored nutrition and hydration therapy. Adjusting diet and fluid intake reduces stone formation and recurrence, making these interventions simple yet powerful in kidney stone prevention and management.Understanding Kidney StonesKidney stones form when calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and cystine concentrate and crystallize in urine. Factors contributing to their formation include genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions,...
521

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
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[Urolithiasis 2016 : Reliable, effective and low radiation exposure].

A Neisius1, C Thomas2, F C Roos3

  • 1Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Deutschland. andreas.neisius@unimedizin-mainz.de.

Der Urologe. Ausg. A
|September 18, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Ultrasound is the first choice for diagnosing urolithiasis (kidney stones). Noncontrast CT is preferred for acute flank pain, while newer methods are still under investigation.

Keywords:
Computed tomographyDiagnosticsRadiation exposureTomosynthesis, digitalUltrasound

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Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Urology

Background:

  • Urolithiasis (kidney stones) is a common condition.
  • Diagnostic imaging is crucial for evaluating and managing kidney stones.
  • Imaging provides details on stone characteristics to guide treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review established and emerging diagnostic imaging modalities for urolithiasis.
  • To provide guidance based on current literature and clinical guidelines.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current guidelines.
  • Evaluation of diagnostic imaging techniques for suspected urolithiasis.

Main Results:

  • Ultrasound is recommended as the initial imaging modality.
  • Noncontrast computed tomography (CT), particularly low-dose protocols, is the preferred imaging choice for acute flank pain and suspected urolithiasis.
  • Emerging techniques like dual energy CT and digital tomosynthesis require further investigation; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is not a first-line option.

Conclusions:

  • The choice of imaging modality depends on the clinical presentation and suspected diagnosis of urolithiasis.
  • Ultrasound and noncontrast CT are the current cornerstones of imaging for kidney stones.