[Urolithiasis 2016 : Reliable, effective and low radiation exposure]

Urolithiasis is a widespread disease. Diagnostic imaging plays an important role in the evaluation and management of patients with suspected urolithiasis. Furthermore, modern imaging methods may provide information on stone location, size, fragility and composition aiding the urologist to determine the appropriate treatment modality.

Based on the current literature and guidelines, this review reports on the various new and established diagnostic imaging modalities.

Ultrasound should always be the initial imaging modality. Following ultrasound, noncontrast CT-principally using a low-dose protocol-is the imaging modality of choice in the evaluation of patients with acute flank pain and suspected urolithiasis. New imaging modalities like dual energy CT, Uro Dyna CT and digital tomosynthesis are currently under investigation but not yet part of daily clinical practice. Magnetic resonance imaging can be used to detect obstruction caused by urinary stones but is not a first-line imaging modality.