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Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Emission Spectroscopic Boundary Layer Investigation during Ablative Material Testing in Plasmatron

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Published on: June 9, 2016

An Efficient Approach for Mars Sample Return Using Emerging Commercial Capabilities.

Andrew A Gonzales¹, Carol R Stoker²

¹NASA, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, Bldg. N-213, MS-213-13.

Acta Astronautica

|September 20, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study shows a feasible Mars Sample Return mission using commercial rockets and an Earth-direct architecture. This approach simplifies the mission and potentially lowers costs for returning Martian samples.

Keywords:

Commercial Descent Mars Entry Mars Sample Return Red Dragon SpaceX Supersonic Retropropulsion and Landing

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Area of Science:

Planetary Science
Astrobiology
Aerospace Engineering

Background:

Mars Sample Return is the highest priority planetary science mission.
Emerging commercial spaceflight capabilities offer new mission architectures.
An Earth-direct architecture may simplify Mars Sample Return.

Purpose of the Study:

Assess the feasibility of a Mars Sample Return mission using commercial capabilities.
Optimize mission systems and launches for simplicity and lower cost.
Investigate an Earth-direct architecture for sample return.

Main Methods:

Analysis of mission system elements using direct techniques and parametric mass estimating relationships.
Scenario development involving SpaceX Falcon Heavy and a modified Dragon capsule (Red Dragon).
Detailed description of mission phases: launch, Mars landing, ascent, Earth return, and retrieval.

Main Results:

A complete and closed Mars Sample Return mission design is feasible.
The proposed scenario utilizes commercial launch vehicles and spacecraft.
The mission architecture includes Supersonic Retropropulsion for Mars landing and a retrieval mission for sample containment.

Conclusions:

Emerging commercial capabilities enable a simplified and potentially lower-cost Mars Sample Return mission.
The proposed Earth-direct architecture is feasible and meets mission objectives.
The mission design ensures secure containment and prevents unintended release of Martian materials.