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Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Heterogeneity Mapping of Protein Expression in Tumors using Quantitative Immunofluorescence
Published on: October 25, 2011
Functional versus non-functional intratumor heterogeneity in cancer
Marc J Williams1, Benjamin Werner2, Trevor A Graham3
1Evolution and Cancer Laboratory, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK.; Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology (CoMPLEX), University College, London, UK.
None:
Next-generation sequencing data from human cancers are often difficult to interpret within the context of tumor evolution. We developed a mathematical model describing the accumulation of mutations under neutral evolutionary dynamics and showed that 323/904 cancers (∼30%) from multiple types were consistent with the neutral model of tumor evolution.
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