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Related Concept Videos

Impact Loading01:19

Impact Loading

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Impact loading occurs when a moving object collides with a stationary structure, such as a rod with a uniform cross-sectional area fixed at one end. Under these conditions, the rod absorbs the kinetic energy from the striking object, leading to deformation and subsequent stress development. As the rod returns to its original position and reaches maximum stress, the absorbed energy, initially manifested as kinetic energy, transforms entirely into strain energy.
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Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
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Normal Strain under Axial Loading01:20

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Normal strain under axial loading is an important concept in the field of mechanics of materials. Axial loading implies the application of a force along the axis of a material, like a column or bar. This force can either compress or stretch the material. In the context of axial loading, normal strain is the deformation experienced by the material in the direction of the loading force. It's calculated as the change in length divided by the original length of the material. This unitless ratio...
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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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Every cell in the body maintains a membrane potential due to an uneven distribution of positive and negative charges across its plasma membrane. The membrane potential is measured in millivolts and quantifies the difference in charge across the membrane.
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Related Experiment Video

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Mechanical Stimulation of Chondrocyte-agarose Hydrogels
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Decrease of the electrical potentials measured on the surface of the knee and produced by cartilage compression

Lin Zhu1, Martin Garon2, Éric Quenneville2

  • 1Institut de génie biomédical, Polytechnique Montréal, CP 6079 succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3A7.

Journal of Biomechanics
|September 23, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Electroarthrography (EAG) measurements show that knee cartilage electrical signals decrease with repeated loading. Avoiding exercise before EAG testing improves measurement accuracy and repeatability.

Keywords:
CartilageElectroarthrographyKnee jointModelingStreaming potentials

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Electroarthrography (EAG) measures knee surface electrical potentials during loading.
  • These signals reflect cartilage health and joint contact forces.
  • Understanding EAG signal evolution is crucial for its clinical application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the changes in EAG signals over successive loading cycles.
  • To assess the impact of exercise on EAG signal repeatability.
  • To evaluate the electro-mechanical ratio (EMR) as an indicator of cartilage function.

Main Methods:

  • EAG signals were recorded from 20 subjects during 10 loading cycles.
  • Measurements were repeated after a 15-minute exercise period.
  • Multiple linear regression analyzed the electro-mechanical ratio (EMR) using ground reaction force and center of pressure data.

Main Results:

  • EMR values showed a significant decrease with successive loading cycles.
  • Post-exercise EAG measurements revealed lower EMR values compared to initial recordings.
  • The reduction in EMR suggests changes related to muscle activity, reflex habituation, or cartilage properties.

Conclusions:

  • Physical activity prior to EAG measurement can affect repeatability due to EMR decrease.
  • EAG serves as a reliable sensor for knee contact force variations.
  • Optimizing measurement protocols by considering pre-test activity is recommended for enhanced accuracy.