Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

3.7K
3.7K
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

15.4K
Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
15.4K
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

754
Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
754
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

5.8K
During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
5.8K
Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

10.8K
Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...
10.8K
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

39.9K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
39.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Systemic immunosuppression from ultraviolet radiation exposure inhibits cancer immunotherapy.

Journal for immunotherapy of cancer·2025
Same author

Smoking Adversely Affects Survival of Metastatic Lung Carcinoid Patients: Analysis of a Large International Audit and Prognostic Models for Metastasis-Free Survival and Overall Survival.

Neuroendocrinology·2025
Same author

Donor and Recipient Polygenic Risk Scores Influence Kidney Transplant Function.

Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation·2025
Same author

Polygenic risk scores for eGFR are associated with age at kidney failure.

Journal of nephrology·2025
Same author

Protocol for a first-in-human feasibility study of T regulatory cells (TR004) for inflammatory bowel disease using (ex vivo) Treg expansion (TRIBUTE).

BMJ open·2025
Same author

CTLA-4 expressing innate lymphoid cells modulate mucosal homeostasis in a microbiota dependent manner.

Nature communications·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

A High-Yield Streptomyces Transcription-Translation Toolkit for Synthetic Biology and Natural Product Applications
07:59

A High-Yield Streptomyces Transcription-Translation Toolkit for Synthetic Biology and Natural Product Applications

Published on: September 10, 2021

4.8K

Boosting translational research in the U.K.

Nelomi Anandagoda1, Graham M Lord2

  • 1Department of Experimental Immunobiology, King's College London, London, U.K. National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, U.K.

Science Translational Medicine
|September 23, 2016
PubMed
Summary

National infrastructure investment fuels early-phase translational research and experimental medicine growth. Strategic funding accelerates scientific discovery and clinical application development.

More Related Videos

Expanding the Toolkit for In Vivo Imaging of Axonal Transport
09:24

Expanding the Toolkit for In Vivo Imaging of Axonal Transport

Published on: December 23, 2021

4.1K
Radionuclide-fluorescence Reporter Gene Imaging to Track Tumor Progression in Rodent Tumor Models
10:04

Radionuclide-fluorescence Reporter Gene Imaging to Track Tumor Progression in Rodent Tumor Models

Published on: March 13, 2018

12.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 14, 2026

A High-Yield Streptomyces Transcription-Translation Toolkit for Synthetic Biology and Natural Product Applications
07:59

A High-Yield Streptomyces Transcription-Translation Toolkit for Synthetic Biology and Natural Product Applications

Published on: September 10, 2021

4.8K
Expanding the Toolkit for In Vivo Imaging of Axonal Transport
09:24

Expanding the Toolkit for In Vivo Imaging of Axonal Transport

Published on: December 23, 2021

4.1K
Radionuclide-fluorescence Reporter Gene Imaging to Track Tumor Progression in Rodent Tumor Models
10:04

Radionuclide-fluorescence Reporter Gene Imaging to Track Tumor Progression in Rodent Tumor Models

Published on: March 13, 2018

12.7K

Area of Science:

  • Medical Research
  • Translational Science
  • Infrastructure Development

Background:

  • Early-phase translational research bridges basic science and clinical application.
  • Experimental medicine requires robust infrastructure for effective progression.
  • National investment strategies significantly impact research capacity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the critical role of national infrastructure investment.
  • To emphasize the importance of this investment for early-phase translational research.
  • To underscore the necessity for growth in experimental medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of current infrastructure funding models.
  • Review of growth factors in translational research.
  • Case studies on experimental medicine development.

Main Results:

  • Infrastructure investment directly correlates with research output.
  • Adequate facilities accelerate the translation of basic science discoveries.
  • National support is a key determinant of success in experimental medicine.

Conclusions:

  • Prioritizing national infrastructure investment is essential for advancing translational research.
  • Enhanced infrastructure capacity is fundamental for the growth of experimental medicine.
  • Strategic financial commitment is required to foster innovation in medical research.