Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

18.2K
Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
18.2K
Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

9.3K
All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...
9.3K
Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

4.6K
Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
4.6K
Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

52.7K
Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
52.7K
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

12.8K
Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into ...
12.8K
Gross Anatomy of Bone01:17

Gross Anatomy of Bone

11.1K
The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone made of numerous osteons — the functional unit of the compact bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which harbors the bone marrow. In infants and children, this marrow cavity is filled with red marrow, whereas in...
11.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Validity and reliability of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory in Danish women aged 45 years and older with abnormal cervical screening results.

BMC medical research methodology·2020
Same author

The Operation for the Cure of Double Hare Lip, by a New and Improved Method.

The American journal of dental science·2019
Same author

A 6-month open-label extension study of the safety and efficacy of subcutaneous belimumab in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Lupus·2018
Same author

Lysophosphatidic acid via LPA-receptor 5/protein kinase D-dependent pathways induces a motile and pro-inflammatory microglial phenotype.

Journal of neuroinflammation·2017
Same author

Iris Clip Lens Implantation with Novel Approach for Aphakia After Previous Filtration Surgery.

Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde·2017
Same author

Salt-losing nephropathy in mice with a null mutation of the Clcnk2 gene.

Acta physiologica (Oxford, England)·2016
Same journal

Transient receptor potential channel 5 knockdown alleviates sevoflurane-induced neural injury by repressing oxidative stress.

Irish journal of medical science·2026
Same journal

A predictive nomogram for relapse risk in children with autoimmune encephalitis.

Irish journal of medical science·2026
Same journal

Real-world antipsychotic prescribing patterns in psychotic disorders: polypharmacy, clozapine, and long-acting injectable use in a tertiary outpatient cohort.

Irish journal of medical science·2026
Same journal

Effects of adding Kinesiotaping to conventional physiotherapy on pain, function, and Kinesiophobia in knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial.

Irish journal of medical science·2026
Same journal

Neonatal predictors of neurodevelopment: the interplay between APGAR score and neonatal microbiome.

Irish journal of medical science·2026
Same journal

Polypharmacy in glaucoma management: a narrative review.

Irish journal of medical science·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Author Spotlight: Comparing Alveolar and Long Bone Remodeling to Explore OTM Model Potential
05:25

Author Spotlight: Comparing Alveolar and Long Bone Remodeling to Explore OTM Model Potential

Published on: July 21, 2023

2.0K

Wolff: straight not curved.

A Hammer1

  • 1, 4 Clarendon Close, Bearsted, Maidstone, Kent, ME14 4JD, England, UK. hammer_alan@hotmail.com.

Irish Journal of Medical Science
|September 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The upper femur

Keywords:
Bone modelingCompression forceFemoral cortexFemoral neckFemoral trabeculaeFemurHip AnatomyHip biomechanicsHip forcesNeck/shaft angleNeck/shaft junctionTrajectorial theoryUpper femurWolff’s law

More Related Videos

Culturing and Measuring Fetal and Newborn Murine Long Bones
06:58

Culturing and Measuring Fetal and Newborn Murine Long Bones

Published on: April 26, 2019

8.8K
Author Spotlight: Enhancing Small Animal Bone Compression Testing for Research
07:52

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Small Animal Bone Compression Testing for Research

Published on: December 1, 2023

2.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Author Spotlight: Comparing Alveolar and Long Bone Remodeling to Explore OTM Model Potential
05:25

Author Spotlight: Comparing Alveolar and Long Bone Remodeling to Explore OTM Model Potential

Published on: July 21, 2023

2.0K
Culturing and Measuring Fetal and Newborn Murine Long Bones
06:58

Culturing and Measuring Fetal and Newborn Murine Long Bones

Published on: April 26, 2019

8.8K
Author Spotlight: Enhancing Small Animal Bone Compression Testing for Research
07:52

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Small Animal Bone Compression Testing for Research

Published on: December 1, 2023

2.4K

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic biomechanics
  • Human anatomy

Background:

  • Julius Wolff's "Trajectorial theory" established the upper femur as a curved structure.
  • This theory has underpinned biomechanical investigations of the femur for 140 years.

Discussion:

  • The upper femur is anatomically angular, not curved, formed by the femoral neck and shaft.
  • Current biomechanical models based on a curved femur are fundamentally flawed.

Key Insights:

  • Trabecular bone in the femoral neck is part of the load-bearing structure.
  • Trabecular configuration suggests a specific response to hip joint flexion and extension forces.

Outlook:

  • Re-evaluating the biomechanics of the upper femur is crucial.
  • Investigating whether bone remodeling responds to one or two distinct forces is warranted.