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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
Reporter Genes02:11

Reporter Genes

Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. Thus, reporter genes “report” the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell.
Commonly used reporter...
Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique helps...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
Genes exist in different versions called alleles, which...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Microarray Analysis for Saccharomyces cerevisiae
13:17

Microarray Analysis for Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Published on: April 7, 2011

14.2K

Natural gene expression variation studies in yeast.

Dawn A Thompson1, Francisco A Cubillos2,3,4

  • 1Ginkgo Bioworks, 27 Drydock Ave, Boston, MA, 02210, USA.

Yeast (Chichester, England)
|September 27, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Genomic studies link genetic variants to observable traits by examining mRNA abundance and expression. Understanding these genotype-phenotype relationships is crucial for yeast research.

Keywords:
ASEhybridsmRNAnatural variationphenotypic variationyeast

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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Microarray Analysis for Saccharomyces cerevisiae
13:17

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Published on: April 7, 2011

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Measuring mRNA Levels Over Time During the Yeast S. cerevisiae Hypoxic Response
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Genetic Mapping of Thermotolerance Differences Between Species of Saccharomyces Yeast via Genome-Wide Reciprocal Hemizygosity Analysis
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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Yeast Genetics

Background:

  • Increasing availability of yeast genomic data fuels research into genotype-phenotype relationships.
  • Studies aim to connect genetic variations with observable traits like mRNA abundance and phenotypic differences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence on how genetic variants co-evolve and shape an individual's genome.
  • To explore layers defining the genotype-phenotype gap, including mRNA abundance, allele-specific expression, and translation efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies in yeast genomics.
  • Analysis of evidence connecting genetic variants to molecular and phenotypic traits.

Main Results:

  • Genetic variants influence mRNA abundance, allele-specific expression, and translation efficiency.
  • Inter- and intra-specific studies sometimes yield conflicting conclusions due to genetic divergence.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic variants play a key role in defining an individual's genome and phenotype.
  • Future research requires well-annotated genomes and advanced sequencing for a detailed genotype-phenotype map.