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Related Concept Videos

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions01:14

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Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...
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Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme...
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Phase II Reactions: Acetylation Reactions01:24

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Acetylation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, introduces an acetyl group to drugs or their metabolites. Acetyltransferase enzymes facilitate this reaction, which resembles α-amino acid conjugation due to the addition of a functional group to the drug molecule.
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After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Updated: Mar 14, 2026

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Adding Value in the Postanalytical Phase.

Éva Ajzner1

  • 1Central Laboratory, Jósa András University Hospital , Nyíregyháza, Hungary.

EJIFCC
|September 30, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Laboratories are shifting focus from analytical quality to patient outcomes by taking ownership of postanalytical (PA) phase tasks. This involves collaboration with clinicians to improve the clinical impact of laboratory results.

Keywords:
added-valueclinical interpretationcritical-risk resultoutcome-driven testingpostanalytical phasereflective testingreflex testingsignificant-risk result reportingtest utilization

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Area of Science:

  • Clinical Laboratory Science
  • Healthcare Quality Improvement
  • Patient Outcomes Research

Background:

  • Laboratories are increasingly prioritizing the impact of their results on patient outcomes, moving beyond just analytical accuracy.
  • Traditionally, laboratories had limited involvement in the extra-analytical phases of testing; however, new practices are emerging.
  • The concept of harmonization and defining responsibilities across the testing process is gaining traction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current practices of laboratory-driven postanalytical (PA) tasks.
  • To discuss quality assessment (QA) approaches and specifications for these PA tasks.
  • To explore best practice recommendations for harmonizing laboratory-driven PA activities.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current practices in laboratory-driven PA activities.
  • Discussion of proposed QA approaches and quality specifications.
  • Analysis of best practice recommendations for harmonization.

Main Results:

  • Certain extra-analytical tasks, such as additive testing and urgent result reporting, are proposed as primary laboratory responsibilities in the PA phase.
  • The study reviews the current status of these laboratory-driven PA tasks.
  • Approaches for QA and harmonization of these tasks are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • Laboratories should take a leading role in specific PA activities, collaborating with clinicians to enhance patient outcomes.
  • Improving methodological, theoretical, and communication skills is crucial for laboratory professionals to lead these initiatives.
  • Effective implementation of these PA activities can improve the clinical translation and utilization of laboratory test results.