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Related Concept Videos

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

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Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
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IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

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Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
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G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
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Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Calcium Imaging of Odor-evoked Responses in the Drosophila Antennal Lobe
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Insect odorant receptor trafficking requires calmodulin.

Suhyoung Bahk1, Walton D Jones2

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea.

BMC Biology
|October 1, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Calmodulin (CaM) regulates insect olfactory receptor (OR) and olfactory co-receptor (Orco) trafficking in Drosophila. This interaction, dependent on CaM

Keywords:
Drosophila melanogasterInsect olfactionOrcocalmodulinodorant receptor

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Insect Physiology

Background:

  • Insects utilize olfactory systems for survival, relying on odorant receptors (ORs) and olfactory co-receptors (Orco).
  • A conserved calmodulin (CaM) binding site (CBS) in Orco suggests a functional interaction.
  • The role of CaM in Orco function and olfactory neuron activity remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the in vivo relationship between Orco and CaM in Drosophila melanogaster olfactory neurons.
  • To determine the functional significance of the Orco CBS in olfactory signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Knock-down of CaM in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) during development.
  • Generation and functional assessment of Orco CBS mutant proteins.
  • Analysis of Orco trafficking and OSN activity in response to CaM manipulation and odorant exposure.

Main Results:

  • CaM is crucial for Orco trafficking to OSN dendrites and spontaneous OSN firing.
  • Orco CBS mutants fail to rescue Orco-null phenotypes, indicating the CBS is essential for Orco function.
  • CaM's regulation of Orco trafficking is activity-dependent, impacting olfactory sensitivity upon prolonged odorant exposure.

Conclusions:

  • Calmodulin directly regulates olfactory receptor trafficking and olfactory responses in Drosophila via Orco.
  • The CaM/Orco interaction is vital for maintaining appropriate olfactory receptor levels in OSNs.
  • This interaction is proposed to enable OSNs to adapt to varying environmental odorant concentrations.