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Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Use of Viral Entry Assays and Molecular Docking Analysis for the Identification of Antiviral Candidates against Coxsackievirus A16
06:03

Use of Viral Entry Assays and Molecular Docking Analysis for the Identification of Antiviral Candidates against Coxsackievirus A16

Published on: July 15, 2019

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Molecular epidemiology and the evolution of human coxsackievirus A6

Jiratchaya Puenpa1, Sompong Vongpunsawad1, Riikka Österback2,3

  • 1Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.

The Journal of General Virology
|October 4, 2016
PubMed

Insights

Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) evolution drives hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) outbreaks through novel recombinant forms. These recombinant forms have become widespread globally in recent years.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) is a primary cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) outbreaks.
  • Recent HFMD epidemics are linked to CV-A6's evolutionary dynamics and the emergence of new recombinant forms (RFs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary mechanisms and genetic diversity of CV-A6.
  • To analyze the emergence and spread of CV-A6 recombinant forms.

Main Methods:

  • Genotyping of VP1 capsid and 3Dpol genes from 151 CV-A6 variants collected in Europe and Asia (2013-2014).
  • Bayesian phylogenetic analysis to reconstruct evolutionary relationships.
  • Identification of recombination breakpoints in full-length genomes.

Main Results:

  • A strong correlation was observed between CV-A6 genome recombination and sequence divergence.
  • An estimated substitution rate of 8.1×10-3 substitutions/site/year and an RF half-life of 3.1 years were determined.
  • Thirty-nine full-length genomes revealed recombination breakpoints between 2A-2C and 5' UTRs, with new RF groups (RF-E, -F, -H, -J, -K) originating from a common ancestor (RF-A).

Conclusions:

  • The emergence and widespread dissemination of novel CV-A6 recombination groups in Europe and Asia within the last 8 years.
  • CV-A6's ongoing evolution and recombination are key drivers of HFMD epidemiology.

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