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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Monitoring ER/SR Calcium Release with the Targeted Ca2+ Sensor CatchER+
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The Calcium-Sensing Receptor in Health and Disease.

G Díaz-Soto1, A Rocher2, C García-Rodríguez3

  • 1Endocrinology and Nutrition, Valladolid University Hospital, Valladolid, Spain.

International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology
|October 4, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) regulates calcium levels and is crucial in parathyroid disorders. CaSR also impacts cardiovascular, nervous, and cancer conditions, highlighting its broad physiological roles.

Keywords:
Alzheimer's diseaseasthmacalciumcalcium-sensing receptorcancercardiovascular diseasehyperparathyroidism

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activated by extracellular calcium (Ca2+) and other cations.
  • It is the primary regulator of calcium homeostasis, controlling parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion, vitamin D synthesis, and calcium absorption/resorption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of CaSR in both physiological functions and various disease states.
  • To explore CaSR's involvement beyond calcium homeostasis, including its impact on other organ systems and cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on CaSR.
  • Analysis of studies investigating CaSR's function in calciotropic and non-calciotropic tissues.
  • Examination of the implications of CaSR mutations and therapeutic agents (calcimimetics and calcilytics).

Main Results:

  • CaSR mutations cause severe calcium metabolism disturbances.
  • CaSR agonists and antagonists are therapeutic tools for hyperparathyroidism and hypocalcemia.
  • CaSR is implicated in cardiovascular, airway, and nervous system functions and diseases.
  • CaSR plays a dual role in cancer, acting as a tumor suppressor or oncogene depending on the cancer type.

Conclusions:

  • CaSR is a critical regulator of calcium homeostasis with significant implications in parathyroid disorders.
  • Emerging evidence highlights CaSR's broader physiological roles and its involvement in diverse pathologies, including cancer.
  • Further research into CaSR's functions may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for a range of diseases.