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Teeth

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...

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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: 3D Movement Assessment of Maxillary Posterior Teeth in Clear Aligner Treatment

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Objective method for evaluating orthodontic treatment from the lay perspective: An eye-tracking study.

Xi Wang¹, Bin Cai², Yang Cao³

¹Postgraduate student, Orthodontic Department, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics

|October 4, 2016

Summary

Eye-tracking objectively measures orthodontic treatment need and outcome by analyzing facial attention patterns. This method accurately distinguishes between patients needing treatment and those who have completed it, offering a novel lay perspective assessment.

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology and Vision Science
Orthodontics and Dental Research
Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

Limited methods exist for assessing orthodontic treatment need and outcome from a lay perspective.
Traditional assessments may not fully capture lay perceptions of malocclusion and treatment effectiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the utility of eye-tracking as a novel, objective method for evaluating orthodontic treatment need and outcome.
To compare eye-tracking data with traditional assessments of malocclusion from a lay viewpoint.

Main Methods:

Recorded eye-tracking scanpaths of 88 laypersons viewing facial images (normal, pretreatment, posttreatment malocclusion).
Analyzed fixation times and attention capture on specific facial areas (eyes, mouth) using statistical models.
Utilized the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) aesthetic component for categorization and SVM accuracy assessment.

Main Results:

Laypersons showed significantly different fixation patterns on pretreatment and posttreatment malocclusion faces compared to normal subjects, focusing more on the mouth and less on the eyes.
Eye-tracking revealed distinct attention shifts indicating perceived malocclusion and treatment impact.
Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification achieved high accuracy (97.2% for treatment need, 93.4% for treatment outcome).

Conclusions:

Eye-tracking objectively quantifies the lay perception of malocclusion and the impact of orthodontic treatment.
SVM classification of eye-tracking features provides a highly accurate method for judging orthodontic treatment need and outcome.
This eye-tracking approach offers a promising new tool for objective evaluation of orthodontic treatment from a lay perspective.