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Related Concept Videos

Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
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The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
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Cancers Originate from Somatic Mutations in a Single Cell02:21

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Cancer arises from mutations in the critical genes that allow healthy cells to escape cell cycle regulation and acquire the ability to proliferate indefinitely. Though originating from a single mutation event in one of the originator cells, cancer progresses when the mutant cell lines continue to gain more and more mutations, and finally, become malignant. For example, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) develops initially as a non-lethal increase in white blood cells, which progressively...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

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The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
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Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

A 3D Organotypic Melanoma Spheroid Skin Model
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Melanomas.

Caterina Longo1, Giovanni Pellacani2

  • 1Skin Cancer Unit, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Viale Risorgimento, 80, Reggio Emilia 42100, Italy.

Dermatologic Clinics
|October 4, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reflectance confocal microscopy aids in diagnosing various melanoma types, including superficial spreading, lentigo maligna, and nodular melanoma. This technique improves diagnostic accuracy for doubtful skin lesions based on their location.

Keywords:
Atypical nestingCytologic atypiaMelanomaPagetoid cellsReflectance confocal microscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology and oncology
  • Medical imaging techniques

Background:

  • Melanomas present diverse epidemiological, morphological, and genetic characteristics.
  • Common melanoma subtypes include superficial spreading melanoma, lentigo maligna, and nodular melanoma.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of melanoma morphologies observed via reflectance confocal microscopy.
  • To correlate confocal microscopy findings with specific melanoma types and anatomical locations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing reflectance confocal microscopy for the evaluation of skin lesions.
  • Analyzing and categorizing confocal microscopy images of different melanoma subtypes.
  • Considering the anatomical location of melanomas in the analysis.

Main Results:

  • Reflectance confocal microscopy enhances diagnostic accuracy and specificity for dermoscopically uncertain skin lesions.
  • Distinct melanoma types exhibit characteristic morphologies under reflectance confocal microscopy.
  • The anatomical location influences the observed confocal features of melanomas.

Conclusions:

  • Reflectance confocal microscopy is a valuable tool for improving the diagnostic accuracy of melanoma.
  • Understanding the specific confocal morphologies associated with melanoma subtypes and locations aids in clinical diagnosis.