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Related Concept Videos

Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
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Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model

Published on: November 4, 2025

364

[Craniofacial strategy for syndromic craniosynostosis].

E Arnaud1, G Paternoster2, S James1

  • 1UF de chirurgie crânio-faciale, service de neurochirurgie pédiatrique, centre de références maladies rares pour les malformations crânio-faciales (CRMR), hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, 75015 Paris, France; Clinique Marcel-Sembat, Ramsay générale de santé, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France.

Annales De Chirurgie Plastique Et Esthetique
|October 4, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Treatment for faciocraniosynostosis requires specialized care. Surgical strategies, including posterior expansion and fronto-facial advancement, are tailored to individual phenotypes and monitored closely for optimal outcomes.

Keywords:
Centre de référenceChirurgie craniofacialeCraniofacialCraniosténoses syndromiquesOsteodistractionOsteotomiesOstéodistractionOstéotomiesSyndromic craniosynostosisTeamwork

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Area of Science:

  • Craniofacial Surgery
  • Pediatric Neurosurgery
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Faciocraniosynostosis involves complex skull and facial growth disturbances.
  • Genetic mutations in FGFR (e.g., Crouzon, Pfeiffer, Apert syndromes) influence phenotype variability.
  • Multidisciplinary management in rare disease centers is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline a phenotype-driven surgical strategy for faciocraniosynostosis.
  • To detail the timing and principles of surgical interventions.
  • To emphasize long-term monitoring and management.

Main Methods:

  • Phenotype-specific surgical planning based on FGFR mutation type.
  • Early posterior expansion/distraction (around 6 months) for cerebellar tonsil descent and turricephaly.
  • Fronto-facial monobloc advancement with internal distraction (around 18 months) for severe exorbitism/breathing issues.
  • Dissociated strategy: fronto-orbital advancement followed by Le Fort 3 osteotomy.
  • Continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure (fundus examination) and respiration (polysomnography).

Main Results:

  • Surgical timing is dictated by growth and monitored parameters.
  • Le Fort 3 and maxillary distraction may require repetition.
  • Orthognathic surgery is typically necessary post-adolescence (after age 14).
  • Aesthetic refinements (rhinoplasty, genioplasty) are final stages.

Conclusions:

  • A tailored, staged surgical approach is essential for managing faciocraniosynostosis.
  • Long-term follow-up and adaptive treatment strategies ensure optimal functional and aesthetic results.
  • Reference center management facilitates comprehensive care for these rare conditions.