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The term desmosome derives from the Greek words "desmo" and "soma" meaning "adhesion bodies." This structure was first observed during the late 1800s and described as small, dense nodules in the epidermis. Desmosomes are button-like structures that help form an interlinked network of intermediate filaments across the cells. These junctions are  essential to hold cells together under mechanical stress and to maintain tissue integrity. Desmosomes are multi-protein...
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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Author Spotlight: Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome
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Symbrachydactyly.

Parker B Goodell1, Andrea S Bauer2, Francisco J A Sierra3

  • 1UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, USA.

Hand (New York, N.Y.)
|October 5, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Symbrachydactyly is a congenital hand difference affecting finger development. This review covers its management, emphasizing realistic, evidence-based outcomes for appearance and function.

Keywords:
Poland syndromecongenital handsymbrachydactyly

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Area of Science:

  • Hand Surgery
  • Congenital Malformations
  • Pediatric Orthopedics

Background:

  • Symbrachydactyly is a unilateral congenital hand malformation.
  • Characterized by absent fingers and rudimentary digit nubbins.
  • Management approaches are variable and reviewed herein.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the management of symbrachydactyly.
  • To categorize interventions and outcomes.
  • To inform treatment decisions for patients and parents.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature review was conducted.
  • Information was synthesized into clinically relevant categories.
  • Etiology, classification, and outcomes were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Discusses etiology, classification, and management options.
  • Covers non-surgical and surgical interventions.
  • Addresses patient-oriented outcomes and functional gains.

Conclusions:

  • Interventions should prioritize realistic, evidence-supported gains in appearance and function.
  • Further studies on baseline function and quality of life are needed.
  • This will aid surgeons and parents in making optimal treatment decisions.