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Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Minimally Invasive Murine Laryngoscopy for Close-Up Imaging of Laryngeal Motion During Breathing and Swallowing
Published on: December 1, 2023
Velopharyngeal Dysfunction Evaluation and Treatment
Jeremy D Meier1, Harlan R Muntz1
1Division of Otolaryngology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 50 North Medical Drive, Room 3C120 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
Abstract:
Velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD) can significantly impair a child's quality of life and may have lasting consequences if inadequately treated. This article reviews the work-up and management options for patients with VPD. An accurate perceptual speech analysis, nasometry, and nasal endoscopy are helpful to appropriately evaluate patients with VPD. Treatment options include nonsurgical management with speech therapy or a speech bulb and surgical approaches including double-opposing Z-plasty, sphincter pharyngoplasty, pharyngeal flap, or posterior wall augmentation.
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