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Updated: Mar 14, 2026

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Do (epi)genetics impact the brain in functional neurologic disorders?

T Frodl1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, Germany and Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
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Epigenetic and genetic research into functional neurologic disorders is emerging. Understanding gene-stress interactions and environmental influences like childhood adversity is crucial for future diagnosis and treatment.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Neuropsychiatry
  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Functional neurologic disorders (FNDs) and somatoform disorders lack comprehensive genetic and epigenetic research.
  • Gene-stress interactions are well-studied in depression but not yet in FNDs.
  • The multifactorial etiology of FNDs suggests environmental influences on brain function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state of epigenetic and genetic research in functional neurologic disorders.
  • To bridge the knowledge gap regarding gene-stress interactions in FNDs by drawing parallels with other psychiatric disorders.
  • To highlight the potential role of environmental factors, particularly childhood adversity and epigenetics, in FND development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on functional neurologic disorders, conversion disorders, and somatoform disorders.
  • Analysis of research on gene-stress interactions in other psychiatric conditions, such as depression.
  • Examination of evidence linking environmental factors, specifically childhood adversity, to FNDs.

Main Results:

  • Current research on the genetics and epigenetics of FNDs is in its preliminary stages.
  • Childhood adversities are recognized as a contributing factor to the development of FNDs.
  • There is a lack of research on the combined effects of childhood adversity and genetic factors, or the impact of epigenetics, on FNDs.

Conclusions:

  • Future research in FNDs should explore the influence of environmental factors on brain structure and function, including epigenetic regulation.
  • Understanding gene-environment interactions is essential for advancing the diagnosis and treatment of functional neurologic disorders.
  • Further investigation into the interplay between genetics, epigenetics, and environmental stressors is needed to elucidate the etiology of FNDs.