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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Step By Step: Microsurgical training method combining two nonliving animal models
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Microsurgical Training with the Three-Step Approach.

Emilio Trignano1, Nefer Fallico2, Gino Zingone1

  • 1Department of Surgery, Microsurgery and Plastic Surgery, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.

Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery
|October 13, 2016
PubMed
Summary

A novel three-step microsurgery training model using readily available materials effectively prepares trainees for vascular anastomosis. This approach offers a viable, ethical alternative to traditional rat-based training, yielding comparable skill acquisition.

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Area of Science:

  • Microsurgery Training
  • Surgical Skills Development
  • Medical Education Technology

Background:

  • Microsurgery demands high dexterity, necessitating effective preclinical training.
  • Traditional training often involves live rats, raising ethical and cost concerns.
  • Alternative, accessible training models are increasingly sought.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe and validate a three-step microsurgical training model (latex glove, endovascular prosthesis, human placenta).
  • To compare the efficacy of this novel model against traditional rat-based microsurgical training.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty residents were randomized into two groups: three-step model training or live rat training.
  • Skill assessment included instrument handling, microscope use, adventectomy, triangulation, posterior wall technique, and anastomosis success.

Main Results:

  • Both the three-step model group and the live rat group achieved similar basic skill levels.
  • The three-step model demonstrated comparable effectiveness in developing essential microsurgical skills.

Conclusions:

  • The three-step model provides progressive skill acquisition for microsurgical techniques, including vascular anastomosis.
  • This accessible, ethical model eliminates the need for further training on live rats.