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Related Concept Videos

Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Knee Joint01:23

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
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Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

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Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
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Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes01:28

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The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal Phase of 5km Treadmill Running
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Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal Phase of 5km Treadmill Running

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Lower Extremity Joint Work During Acceleration, Deceleration, and Steady State Running.

D S Blaise Williams1, Jonathan H Cole2, Douglas W Powell3

  • 11 Virginia Commonwealth University.

Journal of Applied Biomechanics
|October 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Lower extremity joints play distinct roles during running speed changes. The ankle contributes more positive work during acceleration, while the knee handles more negative work during deceleration.

Keywords:
accelerationdecelerationkineticsnegative workpositive workrunners

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Science
  • Human Movement Analysis

Background:

  • Running involves frequent velocity changes, including acceleration and deceleration.
  • Understanding joint-specific work demands during these phases is crucial for injury prevention and performance optimization.
  • Previous research has not fully elucidated the mechanical work distribution across lower extremity joints during dynamic running conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the sagittal plane mechanical work of individual lower extremity joints during acceleration, deceleration, and steady-state running.
  • To compare the contributions of the ankle, knee, and hip to total positive and negative joint work across different running conditions.
  • To identify distinct functional roles of lower extremity joints during acceleration versus deceleration.

Main Methods:

  • Ten healthy runners performed over-ground running at self-selected speeds.
  • Three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data were collected during steady-state, acceleration, and deceleration phases.
  • Sagittal plane mechanical work was calculated for the ankle, knee, and hip joints.

Main Results:

  • Total positive joint work increased from deceleration to acceleration, primarily driven by greater ankle joint work during acceleration.
  • Total negative joint work did not significantly change during deceleration.
  • During deceleration, the knee joint showed a greater relative contribution to negative work, while the ankle contributed less negative work compared to acceleration.

Conclusions:

  • Lower extremity joints exhibit specialized roles during acceleration and deceleration in running.
  • Deceleration is characterized by increased knee joint negative work, suggesting a primary role in energy absorption.
  • Acceleration is associated with enhanced ankle joint positive work, indicating its importance in propulsion.