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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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The back muscles that lie deep into the thoracolumbar fascia are called intrinsic or true back muscles. These muscles are divided into four layers: superficial, intermediate, deep, and deepest layers.
Superficial Layer:
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

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The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...
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Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers01:24

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Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
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The appendix, a small, narrow, blind tube extending from the inferior part of the cecum, is widely regarded as a vestigial organ, having lost much of its original function through evolution. Despite its diminished role, the appendix can become inflamed, a condition known as appendicitis.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Manual Therapy for a Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain Rat Model
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Manual Therapy for a Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain Rat Model

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Non-specific low back pain.

Chris Maher1, Martin Underwood2, Rachelle Buchbinder3

  • 1Musculoskeletal Division, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.

Lancet (London, England)
|October 18, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Non-specific low back pain is common, but most cases resolve with simple care. Effective management focuses on education, pain relief, and timely review, avoiding unnecessary tests and treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Primary Care
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Non-specific low back pain (NLBP) is a global health issue impacting all age groups.
  • It is a primary driver of disease burden, necessitating effective management strategies.
  • Current guidelines emphasize triage to identify serious pathologies requiring further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline current management principles for non-specific low back pain.
  • To discuss treatment strategies, including stepped care and risk prediction.
  • To highlight the problem of overuse in imaging, opioids, and surgery for NLBP.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing management guidelines and treatment approaches for NLBP.
  • Analysis of strategies focusing on education, analgesia, and non-pharmacological therapies.
  • Discussion of risk prediction methods for personalized care.

Main Results:

  • NLBP management prioritizes pain reduction and functional improvement due to unknown pathoanatomical causes.
  • A favorable clinical course is common, often requiring minimal medical intervention.
  • Overutilization of diagnostic imaging, opioid analgesics, and surgical procedures persists.

Conclusions:

  • Effective NLBP management involves education, reassurance, appropriate medication, and timely review.
  • Stepped care and risk stratification aid in individualizing treatment intensity.
  • Addressing the overuse of imaging, opioids, and surgery is crucial for optimal patient outcomes.