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Related Concept Videos

Perception of Sound Waves01:01

Perception of Sound Waves

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The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same...
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Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

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The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by...
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Hearing01:31

Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Manipulation of Color Patterns in Jumping Spiders for Use in Behavioral Experiments
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Manipulation of Color Patterns in Jumping Spiders for Use in Behavioral Experiments

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Airborne Acoustic Perception by a Jumping Spider.

Paul S Shamble1, Gil Menda1, James R Golden2

  • 1Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.

Current Biology : CB
|October 18, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Jumping spiders can hear airborne sounds from afar, responding to low frequencies with a startle behavior. Specialized leg hairs likely detect these sounds, aiding predator detection.

Keywords:
acoustic startle responseacousticsjumping spiderneuroethology

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Area of Science:

  • Zoology
  • Bioacoustics
  • Neuroethology

Background:

  • Jumping spiders (Salticidae) are primarily known for their sophisticated visual systems.
  • Arthropod acoustic perception is often limited to near-field detection due to the absence of tympanic membranes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the auditory perception capabilities of jumping spiders.
  • To determine if jumping spiders can detect airborne sounds in the far-field.
  • To identify the neural basis and sensory structures involved in acoustic detection.

Main Methods:

  • Behavioral experiments using controlled sound stimuli (80 Hz, 65 dB SPL) on Phidippus audax.
  • Neurophysiological recordings from auditory-sensitive neural units in the spider brain.
  • Mechanical stimulation of foreleg patellar hairs to assess their role in acoustic detection.

Main Results:

  • Jumping spiders exhibited freezing behavior in response to low-frequency airborne sounds (80 Hz, 65 dB SPL).
  • Auditory-sensitive neural units in the jumping spider brain responded to these acoustic stimuli.
  • Detection occurred at distances exceeding 3 meters, indicating far-field perception.
  • Mechanical stimulation of leg hairs elicited responses in acoustically sensitive neurons.

Conclusions:

  • Jumping spiders possess the ability to perceive airborne sound in the acoustic far-field.
  • This auditory capability likely serves an anti-predatory function, triggering a startle response.
  • Sensory hairs on the forelegs are implicated as mechanoreceptors for detecting airborne acoustic cues.