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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

2.0K
Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

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Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
1.1K
Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

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γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
1.6K
Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

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Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
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Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Preterm EEG: A Multimodal Neurophysiological Protocol
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Preterm EEG: A Multimodal Neurophysiological Protocol

Published on: February 18, 2012

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Seizures in Preterm Infants.

Julia Jacobs1, Emily M Spelbrink

  • 1*Department of Neuropediatrics, Epilepsy Center, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; and †Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.

Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society
|October 18, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Premature infants often have seizures detectable only by electroencephalogram (EEG). Understanding these subtle EEG patterns is vital for accurate diagnosis and improved long-term outcomes in preterm infants.

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Last Updated: Mar 13, 2026

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Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor Cerebral Function Monitor to Neonates
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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Neurology
  • Neurophysiology

Background:

  • Premature infants are at high risk for brain injury and seizures.
  • Neonatal seizures often lack clear clinical signs, necessitating electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring.
  • EEG interpretation in preterm infants is complex due to age-related variations in background activity and pattern similarity to epileptic activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the incidence and typical electroencephalogram (EEG) ictal patterns of seizures in preterm infants.
  • To identify challenges in EEG analysis within the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) setting, including artifacts.
  • To discuss the impact of seizures on long-term outcomes in preterm infants, independent of other factors.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on preterm infant seizures.
  • Analysis of typical electroencephalogram (EEG) ictal patterns in premature neonates.
  • Discussion of EEG artifact identification and interpretation pitfalls in the NICU.

Main Results:

  • Seizures in preterm infants can present with lower voltage and frequency ictal patterns compared to full-term neonates.
  • Physiologic preterm EEG patterns may mimic epileptic patterns, posing diagnostic challenges.
  • The incidence and specific EEG characteristics of neonatal seizures in preterms are detailed.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate EEG interpretation is critical for managing seizures in vulnerable preterm infants.
  • Understanding specific challenges and artifact patterns in NICU EEG is essential for appropriate care.
  • Seizures may independently impact the long-term prognosis of preterm infants, warranting further research.