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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Quantifying Cognitive Decrements Caused by Cranial Radiotherapy
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Dose-dependent white matter damage after brain radiotherapy.

Michael Connor1, Roshan Karunamuni2, Carrie McDonald3

  • 1Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, United States.

Radiotherapy and Oncology : Journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology
|October 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) reveals radiation-induced white matter changes in brain tumor patients. These dose-dependent changes, particularly at lower b-values, indicate potential neuroinflammation and vascular effects.

Keywords:
Diffusion tensor imagingMRIRadiationRadiotherapyWhite matterb-Value

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Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
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Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
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Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Radiotherapy Research
  • White Matter Integrity

Background:

  • Brain radiotherapy can cause white matter damage, leading to neurocognitive decline.
  • Understanding radiation effects on white matter is crucial for optimizing treatment.
  • Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) offers a method to study these effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model the dose-dependency and time course of radiation effects on white matter using DTI.
  • To investigate changes in white matter microstructure following radiotherapy for high-grade gliomas.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized DTI with multiple b-values (high, standard, low) in 15 high-grade glioma patients.
  • Acquired MRI scans pre-radiotherapy and at 1, 4-6, and 9-11 months post-treatment.
  • Generated maps of fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (λ∥), and radial diffusivity (λ⊥) for all white matter.

Main Results:

  • Significant increases in MD, λ∥, and λ⊥, and a decrease in FA were observed over time and with increasing radiation dose.
  • Greater changes were noted at lower b-values, except for FA.
  • Time-dose interactions were significant at 4-6 months and beyond; dose response differences between high and low b-values became significant at 9-11 months.

Conclusions:

  • Dose-dependent white matter changes were detected even at doses below 10Gy.
  • Observed changes at low b-values suggest extracellular alterations, potentially linked to vascular permeability and neuroinflammation.