Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Storage01:23

Storage

474
A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
474
Interference and Decay01:16

Interference and Decay

554
Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
Interference occurs when competing memories hinder the retrieval of particular information. It can be classified into two types: proactive and retroactive interference. Proactive...
554
Reason and Intuition01:37

Reason and Intuition

7.6K
The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
7.6K
Dissociative Disorders01:27

Dissociative Disorders

760
Dissociative disorders represent complex psychological conditions characterized by disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception. These disruptions cause individuals to experience a disconnection from their thoughts, emotions, and memories. The phenomenon is not merely an occasional lapse in attention but a profound alteration in mental functioning that can severely impact daily life.
Dissociative Fugue
A hallmark feature of dissociative disorders is the dissociative fugue...
760
Dissociative Amnesia01:21

Dissociative Amnesia

827
Dissociative amnesia is a complex psychological condition that manifests as an inability to recall personal information, often tied to traumatic or stressful events. Unlike general amnesia, individuals with this condition retain the ability to perform routine activities and procedural tasks, such as operating a phone or navigating public transportation, yet experience profound gaps in autobiographical memory. These lapses may encompass significant life events, such as suicide attempts or...
827
Cause and Effect01:53

Cause and Effect

12.6K
While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
12.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Perceiving semantic attributes.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same author

Deep distortions in faces and places.

Memory & cognition·2025
Same author

Developmental change and invariance in verbatim and gist memory: Cross-sectional and longitudinal applications of the dual-retrieval model.

Psychology and aging·2025
Same author

Memory framing.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2025
Same author

How gist and association affect false memory: False recognition and gist rating norms.

Behavior research methods·2025
Same author

Developmental invariance in deep distortions.

Psychology and aging·2025
Same journal

Episodic and semantic memory contributions to imagination and creativity.

Memory (Hove, England)·2026
Same journal

What is the relationship between stress and prospective memory in everyday environments?

Memory (Hove, England)·2026
Same journal

Revisiting the confidence-accuracy relationship in eyewitness identification: a metacognitive perspective.

Memory (Hove, England)·2026
Same journal

Beliefs about child witnesses: a survey of Danish legal professionals, social workers and psychologists.

Memory (Hove, England)·2026
Same journal

Potto-biographical memory ≈ autobiographical memory: on the retrieval and organisation of fictional- and personal-event memories.

Memory (Hove, England)·2026
Same journal

Conceptual and perceptual chunking of real-world objects in visual working memory.

Memory (Hove, England)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language
09:27

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

Published on: October 13, 2018

10.9K

Disjunction and conjunction fallacies in episodic memory.

K Nakamura1, C J Brainerd1

  • 1a Department of Human Development , Cornell University , Ithaca , NY , USA.

Memory (Hove, England)
|October 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Episodic memory exhibits probability judgment fallacies. This study found semantic gist, target recollection, and interference influence these memory fallacies, differentiating their underlying mechanisms.

Keywords:
Disjunction fallacyconjunction fallacycontext recollectiongist processingtarget recollection

More Related Videos

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
05:22

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

5.8K
Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
11:01

Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: August 30, 2011

14.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language
09:27

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

Published on: October 13, 2018

10.9K
Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
05:22

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

5.8K
Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
11:01

Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: August 30, 2011

14.1K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Memory Research
  • Judgment and Decision-Making

Background:

  • Episodic memory, responsible for recalling specific events, has shown parallels to probability judgment fallacies.
  • These fallacies, known as disjunction and conjunction fallacies, were previously studied independently in memory research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate episodic memory's disjunction and conjunction fallacies concurrently under controlled conditions.
  • To test theoretical predictions regarding the factors influencing these memory fallacies.

Main Methods:

  • Examined the impact of semantic gist formation on memory fallacies.
  • Differentiated the roles of target recollection versus context recollection.
  • Assessed the influence of proactive and retroactive interference on fallacy occurrence.

Main Results:

  • Both disjunction and conjunction fallacies were amplified when participants could form semantic connections among list words.
  • Disjunction fallacies increased with minimized proactive interference, suggesting a link to target recollection.
  • Conjunction fallacies increased with minimized retroactive interference, indicating a connection to context recollection.

Conclusions:

  • Semantic gist plays a significant role in the manifestation of both disjunction and conjunction fallacies in episodic memory.
  • Disjunction fallacies appear more reliant on recalling specific target information.
  • Conjunction fallacies seem more dependent on recalling the broader context of the memory.