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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
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Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors01:29

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors

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Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is the clinical practice of measuring specific drug levels in a patient's blood or body tissues to manage and optimize therapy. TDM is crucial for drugs with narrow therapeutic windows, like warfarin and phenytoin, where incorrect doses can lead to treatment failure or severe side effects. This monitoring ensures the dosage administered is within a safe and effective range. The factors affecting therapeutic drug monitoring include:Patient-Specific Factors:a.
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Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:30

Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

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Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
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The debate on treating subclinical hypothyroidism.

Eng Loon Tng

    Singapore Medical Journal
    |October 26, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) treatment offers potential benefits like preventing overt disease and improving symptoms, but carries risks. Evidence is limited, preventing conclusive recommendations for managing SCH in adults and children.

    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Internal Medicine
    • Pediatrics

    Background:

    • Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is a mild form of primary hypothyroidism with controversial diagnosis due to non-specific symptoms and arbitrary biochemical markers.
    • The management of SCH remains debated, particularly regarding its potential benefits versus risks across different patient populations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To examine the evidence for treating subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) in non-pregnant adults, pregnant adults, and children.
    • To evaluate the potential benefits and risks associated with SCH treatment in various age groups.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing retrospective and prospective studies on SCH treatment.
    • Analysis of outcomes related to cardiovascular health, neuropsychiatric and musculoskeletal symptoms, maternal and fetal health, and growth in children.
    Keywords:
    adolescentschildrenovert hypothyroidismpregnancysubclinical hypothyroidism

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    Last Updated: Mar 13, 2026

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    Main Results:

    • In non-pregnant adults, SCH treatment may prevent progression to overt hypothyroidism, reduce coronary heart disease, and improve symptoms, but side effects exist.
    • Treatment of SCH in pregnant individuals may improve adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.
    • SCH treatment in children appears safe and may enhance growth.

    Conclusions:

    • The evidence supporting SCH treatment is largely derived from studies with design limitations.
    • Conclusive recommendations for treating subclinical hypothyroidism cannot be made due to insufficient high-quality evidence.
    • Further research is needed to establish definitive guidelines for SCH management.