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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Types of RNA01:20

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Types of RNA01:23

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Long non-coding RNAs: spatial amplifiers that control nuclear structure and gene expression.

Jesse M Engreitz1,2, Noah Ollikainen3, Mitchell Guttman3

  • 1Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.

Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
|November 4, 2016
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mammalian genomes contain thousands of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that regulate gene expression. These lncRNAs coordinate proteins and nuclear organization, acting as spatial amplifiers for regulatory signals.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Mammalian genomes encode thousands of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) involved in various biological processes.
  • Recent studies reveal lncRNAs control cellular functions within the nucleus, exemplified by Xist in X chromosome inactivation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss emerging mechanistic insights into how lncRNAs regulate gene expression.
  • To highlight the unique roles of lncRNAs in addressing biological challenges in gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent molecular mechanism studies on key lncRNA examples.
  • Analysis of lncRNA functions in coordinating regulatory proteins.
  • Examination of lncRNA localization to target loci and impact on 3D nuclear organization.

Main Results:

  • lncRNAs regulate gene expression by coordinating regulatory proteins.
  • lncRNAs can localize to specific target loci within the nucleus.
  • lncRNAs contribute to shaping three-dimensional (3D) nuclear organization.

Conclusions:

  • lncRNAs play crucial roles in gene regulation that cannot be fulfilled by DNA elements or protein regulators alone.
  • lncRNAs function as spatial amplifiers of regulatory signals within the nucleus.