Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

1.8K
Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
1.8K
Perceptual Constancy01:12

Perceptual Constancy

1.7K
Perceptual constancy is the ability to recognize that objects remain consistent and unchanged even when their appearance varies due to changes in sensory input. There are four main types of perceptual constancy: size constancy, shape constancy, color constancy, and brightness constancy.
Size constancy is the recognition that an object remains the same size, even when its image on the retina changes. For instance, a bus is perceived to be large enough to carry people, even if it looks tiny from...
1.7K
Equivalent Resistance01:16

Equivalent Resistance

1.1K
In circuit analysis, situations often arise where resistors are neither in series nor parallel configurations. To tackle such scenarios, three-terminal equivalent networks like the wye (Y) (Figure 1 (a)) or tee (T) and delta (Δ) (Figure 1 (b)) or pi (π) networks come into play. These networks offer versatile solutions and are frequently encountered in various applications, including three-phase electrical systems, electrical filters, and matching networks.
1.1K
Vision01:24

Vision

61.2K
Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
61.2K
Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

2.5K
Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
2.5K
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

10.5K
At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
10.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Die Ophthalmologie·2026
Same author

[Albinism: Clinical presentation, diagnostics and visual function].

Die Ophthalmologie·2026
Same author

ISCEV standard for clinical visual evoked potentials (2025 update).

Documenta ophthalmologica. Advances in ophthalmology·2025
Same author

Morphometric analysis of the abducens nerve in the petroclival region.

Frontiers in surgery·2025
Same author

New-generation 0.55T MRI in patients with total hip arthroplasty: a comparison with 1.5T MRI.

Clinical radiology·2024
Same author

Fracture risk prediction in postmenopausal women from GO Study: the comparison between FRAX, Garvan, and POL-RISK algorithms.

Archives of osteoporosis·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition
07:45

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Published on: July 21, 2020

5.1K

[Contrast vision-definitions, conversions, and equivalence tables].

M Bach1,2, M B Hoffmann3,4, H Jägle5

  • 1Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg, Deutschland. michael.bach@uni-freiburg.de.

Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift Der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft
|October 28, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding human contrast vision is crucial, but definitions vary. This study clarifies five key contrast vision measures (Michelson, Weber, contrast ratios, logCS) and provides conversion formulas, recommending logCS for clarity.

Keywords:
ContrastContrast sensitivityLogCSMichaelson contrastWeber contrast

More Related Videos

Enabling High Grayscale Resolution Displays and Accurate Response Time Measurements on Conventional Computers
06:50

Enabling High Grayscale Resolution Displays and Accurate Response Time Measurements on Conventional Computers

Published on: February 29, 2012

9.8K
Binocular Dynamic Visual Acuity in Eyeglass-Corrected Myopic Patients
07:06

Binocular Dynamic Visual Acuity in Eyeglass-Corrected Myopic Patients

Published on: March 29, 2022

3.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition
07:45

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Published on: July 21, 2020

5.1K
Enabling High Grayscale Resolution Displays and Accurate Response Time Measurements on Conventional Computers
06:50

Enabling High Grayscale Resolution Displays and Accurate Response Time Measurements on Conventional Computers

Published on: February 29, 2012

9.8K
Binocular Dynamic Visual Acuity in Eyeglass-Corrected Myopic Patients
07:06

Binocular Dynamic Visual Acuity in Eyeglass-Corrected Myopic Patients

Published on: March 29, 2022

3.4K

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Visual Science
  • Optometry

Background:

  • Quantitative assessment of human contrast vision is increasingly important.
  • Existing literature presents confusing, differing definitions and quantification methods for contrast vision.
  • Variations in contrast ratio definitions, such as reciprocal values in Germany, highlight the need for standardization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present and clarify the five most significant definitions of luminance contrast and contrast vision.
  • To provide a unified framework for understanding and converting between different contrast metrics.
  • To recommend a standardized unit for contrast vision assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of five key definitions: Michelson contrast, Weber contrast, contrast ratios, and logCS (luminance contrast sensitivity).
  • Development of formulae for converting between all presented contrast metrics.
  • Creation of a table detailing equivalent values across different definitions.

Main Results:

  • Detailed explanation of the five primary contrast vision definitions and their specific application domains.
  • Provision of accurate conversion formulas enabling seamless transition between metrics.
  • A comprehensive table of equivalent values for practical reference.

Conclusions:

  • The study clarifies prevalent, yet often confusing, definitions of contrast vision.
  • Standardized conversion formulas and equivalent values facilitate consistent quantitative assessment.
  • The logCS unit is recommended for its clarity and utility in assessing contrast vision.