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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Graded Potential01:19

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Graded potentials are localized fluctuations in the cell membrane's electrical charge, commonly found in the dendrites of neurons. The magnitude of these potential changes depends on the strength of the initiating stimulus. In a membrane at its resting potential, a graded potential signifies a voltage shift either above -70 mV or below -70 mV.
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Updated: Sep 10, 2025

Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential
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ISCEV standard for clinical visual evoked potentials (2025 update).

M Šuštar Habjan1, M Bach2, M M van Genderen3,4

  • 1Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology
|August 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The updated International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV) VEP Standard refines protocols for pattern-reversal, pattern onset/offset, and flash visual evoked potentials (VEPs). It enhances clinical relevance and inter-laboratory comparisons for visual system assessment.

Keywords:
Clinical standardsFlash visual evoked potentialInternational Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV)Pattern onset/offset visual evoked potentialPattern-reversal visual evoked potentialVisual evoked potential (VEP)

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurophysiology
  • Clinical Electrophysiology

Background:

  • Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) are crucial electrophysiologic tools for assessing visual system function.
  • VEPs aid in diagnosing optic nerve diseases and post-retinal visual pathway dysfunction.
  • The International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV) provides standardized protocols for VEP recordings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the updated ISCEV Standard for clinical visual evoked potentials (VEPs).
  • To detail standardized protocols for pattern-reversal, pattern onset/offset, and flash VEPs.
  • To incorporate non-standardized additions for multi-channel and pediatric VEP recordings.

Main Methods:

  • Specification of stimulus and recording conditions for three basic VEP types: pattern-reversal, pattern onset/offset, and flash.
  • Definition of protocols for single-channel recordings with a midline occipital active electrode.
  • Inclusion of non-standardized multi-channel VEPs for chiasmal/post-chiasmal lesions and pediatric populations.

Main Results:

  • Updated ISCEV VEP Standard includes an option for simultaneous pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and pattern-reversal VEP recording.
  • Revised definitions for the origin and analysis of key VEP components.
  • More precise descriptions for non-standard multi-channel and pediatric VEP recordings to encourage method convergence.

Conclusions:

  • The updated ISCEV VEP Standard enhances clinical relevance and facilitates high-quality recordings.
  • Standardized protocols and improved descriptions aim to improve inter-laboratory comparisons.
  • The revised standard supports consistent and reliable assessment of the visual pathway.