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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Epigenetic Landmarks During Somatic Reprogramming.

Jiekai Chen1,2, Duanqing Pei3,4

  • 1Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China.

IUBMB Life
|October 28, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Somatic reprogramming reverses cell development, revealing key epigenetic marks that dictate cell fate. Understanding these epigenetic landmarks is crucial for controlling cell differentiation and function.

Keywords:
epigeneticsiPS cellssomatic reprogramming

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • All cells share the same genome, but epigenetic regulation drives diverse cell functions.
  • Somatic reprogramming allows investigation of cell fate by reversing developmental processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review epigenetic landmarks encountered during somatic reprogramming.
  • To provide an overview of unclear epigenetic regulatory events in reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on somatic reprogramming and epigenetic modifications.
  • Analysis of epigenetic marks associated with cell specification during development and reprogramming.

Main Results:

  • Identified key epigenetic landmarks traversed during the reversal of cellular development.
  • Highlighted numerous unresolved questions regarding epigenetic regulation during reprogramming.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic marks established during development are critical for cell specification.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the complex epigenetic events governing somatic reprogramming and cell fate determination.