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Isotopes and Radioisotopes01:28

Isotopes and Radioisotopes

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In the early 1900s, English chemist Frederick Soddy realized that an element could have atoms with different masses that were chemically indistinguishable. These different types are called isotopes — atoms of the same element that differ in mass. Isotopes differ in mass because they have different numbers of neutrons but are chemically identical because they have the same number of protons. Soddy was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921 for this discovery.
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The most common types of radioactivity are α decay, β decay, γ decay, neutron emission, and electron capture.
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Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for hydrogen, neutrons. The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number (Z) of the element, and the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are isotopes of the same element.
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Organic molecules primarily contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. While all the hydrogen isotopes are NMR-active, protium or hydrogen-1 is the most abundant. It has a significant energy separation between its nuclear spin states due to its large gyromagnetic ratio. As per Boltzmann's distribution, an increase in the energy separation implies a greater excess population of nuclei available for excitation, resulting in a strong NMR absorption signal.
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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Two-Proton Radioactivity of ^{67}Kr.

T Goigoux1, P Ascher1, B Blank1

  • 1Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux-UMR 5797 CNRS/IN2P3, Chemin du Solarium, 33175 Gradignan, France.

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Researchers observed two-proton (2p) emission from Krypton-67 (67Kr), a rare radioactive decay. This finding confirms theoretical predictions and adds a new ground-state emitter to the list of exotic radioactivity phenomena.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Physics
  • Radioactive Decay Studies

Background:

  • Two-proton (2p) emission is an exotic form of radioactive decay where two protons are emitted simultaneously.
  • Identifying new ground-state 2p emitters is crucial for understanding nuclear structure and decay mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential two-proton (2p) radioactivity of ^{67}Kr, ^{59}Ge, and ^{63}Se.
  • To experimentally verify theoretical predictions regarding ^{67}Kr as a candidate for 2p emission.

Main Methods:

  • Experiments were conducted using the BigRIPS separator at the RIKEN Nishina Center.
  • The study involved searching for 2p emission from specific isotopes and measuring decay properties.

Main Results:

  • Two-proton (2p) emission was observed from ^{67}Kr.
  • No evidence for 2p emission was found for ^{59}Ge and ^{63}Se.
  • The decay energy of ^{67}Kr was measured at 1690(17) keV, with a 2p emission branching ratio of 37(14)% and a half-life of 7.4(30) ms.

Conclusions:

  • ^{67}Kr is confirmed as a new ground-state two-proton (2p) emitter, the fourth ever observed.
  • The experimental results align with Q value predictions, supporting ^{67}Kr's candidacy.
  • The observed half-life of milliseconds places ^{67}Kr among the fastest 2p emitters.