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Related Experiment Video

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Electrospinning Growth Factor Releasing Microspheres into Fibrous Scaffolds
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From solvent-free microspheres to bioactive gradient scaffolds.

Morteza Rasoulianboroujeni1, Mostafa Yazdimamaghani2, Payam Khoshkenar3

  • 1Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Helmerich Advanced Technology Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, USA.

Nanomedicine : Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine
|October 30, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a novel solvent-free method for creating bone tissue engineering scaffolds with a pore size gradient. The developed poly(D,L-lactide) microsphere scaffolds demonstrate excellent bioactivity and potential for hard tissue regeneration.

Keywords:
Bone-like apatiteMicrosphere sinteringMineralizationPore size gradientSolvent-free methodTissue engineering scaffold

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Last Updated: Mar 12, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Tissue engineering requires advanced scaffolds that mimic native tissue structures.
  • Poly(D,L-lactide) is a biocompatible polymer with potential for regenerative medicine.
  • Controlling scaffold porosity is crucial for cell infiltration and tissue formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a solvent-free technique for fabricating porous scaffolds with a pore size gradient.
  • To incorporate TiO2 nanoparticles for enhanced scaffold bioactivity and bone-like apatite formation.
  • To evaluate the potential of these scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications.

Main Methods:

  • Solvent-free microsphere sintering technique using Poly(D,L-Lactide).
  • Emulsification method employing TiO2 nanoparticles as emulsifiers and surface modifiers.
  • Characterization using SEM, EDX, XRD, and FTIR. Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) immersion for bioactivity testing.
  • In vitro osteoblast cell culture and mineral content analysis.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a fine-tunable pore size gradient with a pore volume of 30±2.6%.
  • Confirmed the formation of bone-like apatite on scaffolds after 14 days in SBF.
  • Demonstrated progressive osteoblast activity and increased mineral content in vitro.
  • Scaffolds exhibited bioactivity, indicating potential for bonding with bone tissue.

Conclusions:

  • The developed solvent-free microsphere sintering technique successfully created bioactive scaffolds with a pore size gradient.
  • The incorporation of TiO2 nanoparticles enhanced the biomimetic properties of the scaffolds.
  • These novel scaffolds show significant promise as biomaterials for bone tissue engineering and hard tissue regeneration.