Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Visual System01:26

Visual System

2.2K
Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
2.2K
Vision01:24

Vision

61.2K
Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
61.2K
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

11.1K
The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
11.1K
Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

4.2K
Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
4.2K
Muscles of the Eye01:20

Muscles of the Eye

5.2K
The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and...
5.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

PTEN mutations impair CSF dynamics and cortical networks by dysregulating periventricular neural progenitors.

Nature neuroscience·2025
Same author

Hebbian instruction of axonal connectivity by endogenous correlated spontaneous activity.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2024
Same author

Multimodal measures of spontaneous brain activity reveal both common and divergent patterns of cortical functional organization.

Nature communications·2024
Same author

Rapid fluctuations in functional connectivity of cortical networks encode spontaneous behavior.

Nature neuroscience·2023
Same author

Semaphorin-6D and Plexin-A1 Act in a Non-Cell-Autonomous Manner to Position and Target Retinal Ganglion Cell Axons.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2023
Same author

Multimodal measures of spontaneous brain activity reveal both common and divergent patterns of cortical functional organization.

Research square·2023
Same journal

Vestibular function drives gaze stability in locomoting macaques.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Region- and layer-specific glutamatergic synapse development in the nascent cortical hierarchy.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Endogenous peptide derived from c-Cbl-associated protein counteracts its inhibitory effect on enteric neural crest cell colonization in Hirschsprung disease.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Drowsiness alters the neural dynamics but not the core computations of multisensory integration.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2026
Same journal

A Matter of Parameters: Tailored Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Enhances Cortico-Thalamo-Cortical Circuit Resonance.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Proactive visual and motor prioritization differentially scale with cue reliability.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 12, 2026

A Highly Reproducible and Straightforward Method to Perform In Vivo Ocular Enucleation in the Mouse after Eye Opening
05:29

A Highly Reproducible and Straightforward Method to Perform In Vivo Ocular Enucleation in the Mouse after Eye Opening

Published on: October 6, 2014

24.6K

Reconnecting Eye to Brain.

Michael C Crair1, Carol A Mason2

  • 1Departments of Neuroscience and Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, and michael.crair@yale.edu cam4@columbia.edu.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|November 1, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Restoring vision after injury requires overcoming significant barriers to retinal ganglion cell regeneration. This review outlines current knowledge and future directions for visual system neural regeneration.

Keywords:
axonaxon guidanceaxon regenerationeyelateral geniculate nucleusoptic nerveregenerationretinaretinal ganglion cellssuperior colliculustraumatic brain injuryvisionvisual cortex

More Related Videos

The Gateway to the Brain: Dissecting the Primate Eye
07:37

The Gateway to the Brain: Dissecting the Primate Eye

Published on: May 27, 2009

14.8K
Optic Nerve Transection: A Model of Adult Neuron Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System
12:06

Optic Nerve Transection: A Model of Adult Neuron Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System

Published on: May 12, 2011

21.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 12, 2026

A Highly Reproducible and Straightforward Method to Perform In Vivo Ocular Enucleation in the Mouse after Eye Opening
05:29

A Highly Reproducible and Straightforward Method to Perform In Vivo Ocular Enucleation in the Mouse after Eye Opening

Published on: October 6, 2014

24.6K
The Gateway to the Brain: Dissecting the Primate Eye
07:37

The Gateway to the Brain: Dissecting the Primate Eye

Published on: May 27, 2009

14.8K
Optic Nerve Transection: A Model of Adult Neuron Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System
12:06

Optic Nerve Transection: A Model of Adult Neuron Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System

Published on: May 12, 2011

21.5K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) possess regenerative capacity, but functional recovery after injury or degeneration is limited.
  • Significant barriers impede the restoration of visual function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current understanding of factors governing RGC axon guidance and target engagement during regeneration.
  • To review the state of neural regeneration research in the visual system.
  • To identify knowledge gaps and barriers to progress.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research.
  • Analysis of studies on visual system regeneration.
  • Inclusion of insights from other model systems relevant to visual system regeneration.

Main Results:

  • Current knowledge on axon guidance and target engagement in regenerating axons is summarized.
  • Key barriers to visual system regeneration are highlighted.
  • Gaps in understanding and areas for future research are identified.

Conclusions:

  • Despite known regenerative capacities, substantial obstacles remain for restoring visual function.
  • A comprehensive understanding of RGC regeneration and targeted strategies are needed.
  • This review provides a blueprint for advancing visual system regeneration research.