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Related Concept Videos

Sleep Apnea01:21

Sleep Apnea

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Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
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Airway management is a key skill in emergency and critical care settings, as maintaining a clear airway is essential for adequate oxygenation and ventilation.Head Tilt-Chin Lift TechniqueThe head tilt-chin lift maneuver is an essential technique primarily used in patients without suspected cervical spine injuries. To perform this maneuver, one hand is placed on the patient’s forehead, and gentle pressure is applied backward to tilt the head. The fingertips of the other hand are positioned...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Suctioning the Oropharyngeal Airway01:25

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In preparing for oropharyngeal airway suctioning, a nurse must gather all necessary equipment, including a suction unit with tubing, a prepackaged suction kit, sterile gloves, water or saline for irrigation, a water-soluble lubricant, and additional personal protective equipment (such as a gown, mask, and goggles) to control infections.
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Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

Other Pulmonary Disorders

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Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease01:24

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COPD is defined as a heterogeneous lung condition marked by persistent respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, caused by abnormalities in the airways that cause airflow obstruction.
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Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy DISE with Target Controlled Infusion TCI and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Zarmina Ehsan1, Stacey L Ishman2

  • 1Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 2021, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.

Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America
|November 5, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Screening for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children with sleep disordered breathing is recommended. Treatment for pediatric OSA includes surgery, medications, or airway pressure devices, with a multi-modality approach preferred.

Keywords:
DiagnosisManagementObstructive sleep apneaPediatric

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Sleep Medicine
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common condition in children.
  • Sleep disordered breathing necessitates screening for OSA.
  • Adenotonsillectomy is the primary surgical intervention for pediatric OSA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the recommended diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea.
  • To provide an overview of treatment options for children diagnosed with OSA.

Main Methods:

  • In-laboratory polysomnography for screening.
  • Evaluation of medical management options including intranasal steroids and montelukast.
  • Assessment of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy.
  • Consideration of surgical interventions beyond adenotonsillectomy.
  • Review of lifestyle modifications like weight loss and oral appliance therapy.

Main Results:

  • Adenotonsillectomy is the first-line treatment for pediatric OSA.
  • Medical therapies (intranasal steroids, montelukast) are options for mild OSA.
  • CPAP is indicated for moderate to severe OSA, surgical candidates awaiting surgery, or persistent OSA post-surgery.
  • Further upper airway surgery is viable for cases refractory to medical management or post-adenotonsillectomy.
  • Weight loss and oral appliances offer additional therapeutic benefits.

Conclusions:

  • A multi-modality approach is preferred for the diagnosis and management of pediatric OSA.
  • Treatment strategies should be tailored to OSA severity and individual patient factors.
  • Comprehensive management may involve a combination of surgical, medical, and supportive therapies.